Membrane: Structure And Function

tissue layer Structure And FunctionChapter title Membrane Structure and Function. The ability of the carrel to discriminate in its chemical exchanges with the environment is fundamental to life, and it is the blood plasma tissue layer that makes this selectivity possible.MembraneThe membranes that ar found in spite of appearance cells (plus the plasma membrane skirt cells) consist of phospho lipoids (and other lipoidees plus membrane proteins) arrayed by hydrophobic exclusion into two-dimensional blands cognize as known as lipid bilayersPhospholipidsPhospholipids be amphipathic molecules meaning that they have both a hydrophobic and a deliquescent endLipid bilayerPhospholipids can exist as bilayers in aqueous solutionsThe hydrophobic hatful of the phospholipid is shielded in middle of these bilayersThe hydrophilic portion is exposed on both placements to waterLipid bilayers are held together mainly by hydrophobic interactions (including hydrophobic exclusion)Fluid Mos aic exerciseThe plasma membrane contains proteins, sugars, and other lipids in addition to the phospholipidsThe mold that describes the arrangement of these aggregates in and about lipid bilayers is called the fluid mosaic modelBasically, membrane proteins are suspended within a two-dimensional fluid that in turn is made up mostly of phospholipidsCholesterolCholesterol, a kind of steroid, is an amphipathic lipid that is found in lipid bilayers that serves as a temperature-stability bufferAt high gearer temperatures cholesterol serves to fold phospholipid fluidityAt lower temperatures cholesterol interferes with solidification of membranes (e.g., cholesterol functions similarly, in the latter case, to the take of unsaturated fatty acids on lipid-bilayer fluidity)Cholesterol is found particularly in animal cell membranesMembrane proteinsProteins are typically associated with cell membranes inviolate membrane proteins are typically hydrophobic where they interact with the hydroph obic portion of the membrane or hydrophilic where they interact with the hydrophilic portion of the membrane and overlyingFunctions of membrane proteinsFunctions of membrane proteins includeTransport of substances crosswise membranesenzymatic activitycell communicationCell-to-cell joiningAttachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular intercellular substanceSelective permeabilityLipid bilayers display selective permeabilityIn worldwide, intact lipid bilayers are leaky toHydrophobic molecules (including many gasses) microscopical, not-ionized moleculesSimultaneously, lipid bilyaers are NOT permeable toLarger, polar molecules (e.g., sugars)Ions, regardless of sizeThus, lipid bilayers are selectively permeable barriers that allow the entry of small or hydrophobic molecules while blocking the entry of larger polar or even small charged substancesTransport crossways membranesMovement crosswise membranes is important, for instance as a path of re mournful wastes from a cell or bring ing regimen into a cellCategories of substance bewitch across membranes includePassive shiftFacilitated dispersion prompt transferee (including co hold)Endocytosis, phagocytosis, and exocytosis, likewise considered below, technically are not mechanisms of drive of substances across lipid bilayers (though these do represent movements of substances into and out of cells to be movement across the euakaryotic cell membrane, a substance must actually pass through and through an endomembrane lipid bilayer) production line that in considering transport across membranes we will once again pose the concept of movement away from or towards sense of balance, i.e., endergonic and exergonic processesThere are trio basic types of movement across membranes bare(a) diffusion, passive transport, and mobile transportSimple diffusionSimple diffusion is the movement of substances across lipid bilayers without the aid of membrane proteinsThis image (below) shows how substances move through m embranes, regardless of loot direction and submersion inclinesThis image (below) shows how substances net move through membranes in the direction of their engrossments inclines (i.e., with their closeness inclines)-note that regardless of how net movement is accomplished, all round-eyed diffusion across membranes occurs in the manner illustrated above, i.e., it is a process that is impelled by the random movement of moleculesThis figure (below) indicates the kinds of molecules that are capable of moving across membranes via simple diffusionPassive transportPassive transport is the term used to describe the diffusion (as well as what is termed facilitated diffusion, below) of substances across lipid bilayersPassive transport is a consequence of movement through the lipid bilayer (whether by diffusion through the membrane or with movement across facilitated by an integral membrane protein) a soaking up gradient thereby stocking with lively transportDown the concentration gradientDiffusion is a random process that tends to result in the net movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentrationThis includes movement from iodin side of a permeable lipid bilayer to the other from the higher concentration side to the lower concentration side (i.e., passive transport)Movement from high to low concentration areas is described as going down its concentration gradient.The direction of movement of substances across lipid bilayers by passive transport is controlled by concentration gradientsOsmosisMovement of water across selectively permeable membranes down the water concentration gradient is called osmosisNote that this is movement toward equilibrium (exergonic process)Tonicity (isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic)Picture a membrane separating two solutions, whiz side with a higher solute concentration than the otherThe side with the higher solute concentration is verbalize to be hypertonicThe side with the lower solute concen tration is utter to be hypotonic(I keep track of the difference by recalling that a hypodermic syringe is so named because the tip of the needle is placed beneath the dermis, i.e., under the skin a hypotonic solution has a solute concentration that is beneath, i.e., lower than that of the reference solution)If both sides have the said(prenominal) solute concentration, they are said to be isotonicAnimal cells and tonicityNormally animal cells are bathed in an isotonic solutionPlacement of an animal cell in a hypertonic solution causes the cell to shrink (i.e., water is befogged from the cell by osmosis)Placement of an animal cell in a hypotonic solution causes it to take on water then weaken (lyse, i.e., die) (water is gained by the cell, lost from the environment bathing the cell, both by osmosis) gasNormally a specify cell exists in a hypotonic environmentThe hypotonicity causes the mark cytoplasm to expandHowever the plant cell does not lyse and this is due to the presence of its cell wallThis conditions is known as turgidity (i.e., the pressing of the plant plasma membrane up against its cell wall)Plant cells prefer to display turgidityPlasmolysisA plant or bacterial cell placed in a hypertonic environment will show a shrinking of its cytoplasmThis shrinkage is called plasmolysisAt the very least plasmolysis will inhibit growth very much plasmolysis will lead to cell deathThis is the principle upon which foods are bear on in highly osmotic solutions (e.g., salt or sugar) such solutions impede most microbial growthFlaccidityPlant cells bathed in isotonic solutions will fail to display turgidityInstead they display flaccidityAt a whole-organismal level, flaccidity is otherwise known as wiltTransport proteinsSubstances (e.g., sugars) that are not permeable through lipid bilayers may still cross via membrane-spanning transport proteinsFacilitated diffusionFacilitated diffusion is the movement of a substance across a membrane via the employment of a transport protein, where net movement can only occur with the concentration gradient, is called facilitated diffusionThe key thing to keep in mind is that facilitated diffusion, in contrast to other mechanisms of transport-protein-mediated membrane crossing, does not require any input of sinew beyond that necessary to place the protein in the membrane in the premier(prenominal) place (i.e., facilitated diffusion is an exergonic process)Passive versus active transportTwo general categories of transport across membranes existThose that dont require an input of energy (passive transport, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion)Those that do require an input of energy (active transport)Passive TransportActive TransportConcentration gradientWith (Down)Against (Up)Without Integral ProteinYes (Simple Diffusion)NoWith Integral ProteinYesYesExamplesSmall or Hydrophobic Substances, Osmosis(by simple diffusion) or Not-Small or Charged Substances (by facilitated diffusion)Cotransport, Proton kernel, Sodium-Potassium PumpActive transportActive transport is the movement of substances across membranes against their concentration gradientsMoving things against their concentration gradients requires an expenditure of energy (i.e., it is an endergonic process)This energy can be in the form of ATP (e.g., sodium-potassium core)This energy can also be in the form of electrochemical gradients (i.e., cotransport)Note that the movement of substances by active transport is in a direction that is away from equilibriumSodium-potassium manageOne means by which cells actively transport substances across membranes is via the sodium-potassium pumpThe sodium-potassium pump is important especially in animal cells, and is the means by which the sodium-potassium electrochemical gradient is established by these cellsProton pumpThe sodium-potassium pump is the means by which animal cells generate membrane potentialsIn bacteria, plants, and fungi, proton pumps play the same roleThe proton pum p is simply ATP-driven active transport in which the substance pumped across the membrane is a hydrogen ionCotransportMuch of the active transport accomplished by a cell isnt directly conditioned by ATPInstead, much active transport is powered by membrane potentials (i.e., electrochemical gradients)Such electrochemical-gradient-driven active transport is called cotransportIn cotransport, one substance, such as a sugar, is driven up its concentration gradient while a second substance, e.g., sodium ions or protons, are allowed to declension down their electrochemical gradient the energy gained from the latter is employed to power the former (i.e., energy coupling)EndocytosisEndocytosis is a general category of mechanisms that move substances from outside of the cell to inside of the cell, but neither across a membrane (technically) nor into the cytoplasm (again, technically speaking)Instead, substances are move from outside of the cell and into the lumens of endomembrane schema m embersTo enter the cytoplasm an endocytosed substance must still be moved across the membrane of the endomembrane system, e.g., following their digestion (typically hydrolysis) to smaller moleculesExamples include phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosisPhagocytosisPhagocytosis is the engulfing of extracellular particles is achieved by wrapping pseudopodia around the particles, thus internalizing the particles into vacuolesAmoebas employ phagocytosis to eatMost phylum Protozoa obtain their food by engulfing, i.e., via some form of endocytosisThe advantage of endocytosis as a mechanism of food gathering has to do with minimizing the volume within which digestive enzymes must work in order to digest food, i.e., the engulfed food particleCells in our own bodies, called phagocytes and macrophages employ phagocytosis to engulf (and then break) dust floating around our bodies as well as to engulf and destroy invading bacteriaPinocytosisPinocytosis is the engulfing of liquid surrounding a cellThis is how growth ova obtain nutrients from their surrounding nurse cells (ova are very large cells so have surface-to-volume problems-pinocytosis solves the problem of nutrient acquisition by allowing nutrients to be obtained across many internal membranes rather than being limited to crossing the plasma membrane)Receptor-mediated endocytosisReceptor-mediated endocytosis involves the binding of extracellular substances to membrane-associated receptors, which in turn induces the formation of a vesiclesExocytosisExocytosis is more or less the mechanistic opposite of endocytosis

Ageing and Disability Policies | Country Comparison

Ageing and baulk Policies Country ComparisonGian Nestle Sorronda senescent and balk Task 44.1 disability join States of America In get together States of America, they do an identification come up that would help lessen or eliminate diversity in the democracy for those bulk who take a centering disability. This doing was created back on 1990 and was c wholeed the Ameri bums with Disability cultivate or ADA which prohibits in stirity to struggleds the dis competentd soulfulness in every sector of the conjunction. This is from employment, carryation, public accommodation, communication and any nearly opposite authorities feativities. The go of the menti one(a)d should be suit fit, reason equal to(p) and rea enumerateic for the individuals with disabilities to be qualified. impudently Zealand In modernistic Zealand, they catch ricocheted an form that would help and collapse benefits for the disabled individual. The go was c exclusivelyed The virgin Zea land Disability Strategy which was created terminal 2001. This act pointed disc every model 15 objectives that would basically incubate the needs of those individual who argon crucifixion from disability. This was made to knead reliable that New Zealand does live a long term plan for these individuals who atomic number 18 perceived by the ships company as different. This act excessively leave pave way to ever-changing New Zealands point of view from a disabling monastic lay out to an inclusive society. united solid ground In 2010, the unify Kingdom replaced the act that was naturalized in 1995 and called the Disability Discrimination do work. It was changed to The E typesetters case deed of 2010 and the object was to address the favoritism against age, gender, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, civil partnership, marriage, and lastly the disability. This act was established to make sure that the mentioned group or part of the society set extincts ade quate to(predicate) help. The help should be fair enough and right to make sure that it will comply with the act.Similarities and DifferencesThe similarities of these two policies ar that they wanted the people of their country and their obedienceive community to treat the people with disability with fairness, equality and without discrimination. This style that they need to encourage and grant education for the disabled individual, construe that their rights atomic number 18 met, suitable employment, aw be on how to access services, life style woof and allow them to live with a quality life. On the different hand, oddments be in exchangeable manner noniceable especially in the part of United Kingdom wherein they included the disability together with opposite part of the society. Un kindred the United States of America and New Zealand, they pick up created a separate act and outline for those disabled individual to make sure that their needs will be addressed im mediately.AgingUnited States of America They stool established an act for the senior people to make sure needs be met. It is called the one- cadence(a) Ameri discount Act which was established back on 1965. This was created to tin individually community to view services for the senescence people. This was passed due to the business organization that was arising during this time that honest-to-god people atomic number 18 non receiving appropriate c are in the community.The regime or soly bullion the services that will be go outd to the some(a)one though on that point some nonprofit agencies as well that helps out for the services, the government is still the primary provider.United Kingdom The par Act of 2010 by the UK Government alike covers the needs and the rights of the aging population by receiving adequate help from them and treat them without discrimination by the public and from the society. This covers from their employment, education and training. int egrity individual who in fact is aging doesnt retire their rights to be able to work and support themselves. They can continue to be employed as much as they like or play along any education that they would like.New Zealand In New Zealand, on that point are two current act and strategy that is in place and nimble. One was established in 2001 and called the New Zealand Positive Aging Strategy and the former(a) is the Health of Older People Strategy which was established in 2002. some(prenominal) of these act has besides one goal which is to provide a proper care and place for the aging people and live a quality life despite their age. Both of these also encourage the government or guide the government to have agencies to be able to provide the sorting of services that these older people need. Starting from a place where a person can age and still is able to have a quality life until to the services that are needed from transport services, communication and etc.Similarities an d DifferencesThe similarities with these act and strategy are that they are aiming one goal for the older people. These acts are a representation from the government by from each one country that everyone has the right to receive proper care as they old and that the government is still accountable for them. These countries are well a state of contende as well that they need to fund the services that will be provided to aging people. Their respective government mostly provides the funding and they also nexused with other nonprofit or local government unit to provide proper assistance, care, transportation needs, communication needs, mobility needs and that they will non be discriminated in any part of the society from employment to other services for the aged. The differences are chiefly how these acts are established. Both US of A and New Zealand created or established a different and particularized act and strategy to address the aging population while United Kingdom created a broader face as aging was included to their Equality Act of 2010 which covers from gender, religion and disability.4.2DisabilityUnited States of America The Americans with Disability Act of 1990 or ADA provides services much(prenominal) care in a hospital, education and public transport to the disabled individual from the government. This fashion that services are being funded by the American government to give out proper care to those who are bear upon. This is by way of the creation of sub group of the government to especially provide these cares and also from an individual or private sector hardly still fully funded by the government.United Kingdom The Equality Act of 2010 by the government solely addresses the needed guide on how to provide cares to the disabled people. This may be by the government or any private service provider. This is to make sure that cares and services delivered from or by a public hospital, educational institution, nonprofit organization and l ocal government unit are aligned to the act. This is also to ensure that in that location is no discriminatory act anywhere from banks, shops, colleges, transport services, taxi and public bodies.New Zealand the New Zealand Disability Strategy of 2001 provides guide on how to be able to give out proper care and services to an individual who is suffering from disability. This is to make sure that services habituated to them are associated and calibrated by the act. This is also one way of making sure that DHBs or District Health Board, General Practitioners or GPs and other private and local agencies are providing care without discrimination and that they are providing their care tally to the act.Similarities and DifferencesThe similarities within the acts of these three countries are that all of them can be able to apply for those individual who are affected by mental disability and physical disability. These acts were established for them to be able to have an access whenever t hey needed help. Especially when an individual that has disabilities have been discriminated by and in the society. Lastly, the main goal of these acts is to provide fairness in liberal out care and services for an individual who has disability. On the other hand, the difference between these acts is that for the United Kingdom, they merged together 116 legislation and made into an act which will provide better service for the disabled. both(prenominal) services as well are publicly funded and there are services that are non and could be subsidized by the government and the family.AgingUnited States of America The Older American Act of 1965 was established to provide community services for the aging people whose services are a great deal funded by the government and some are provided by a private agency. This is to ensure that older people can still improve their lives in coition to their income, health, housing, employment, long term care, retirement, and community services. The purpose for the act is to provide and conjure up the ability of an aging individual to maintain its independence and to be able to stay and interact still in their house and in their community. The funds are presumptuousness from federal funds wherein it is allocated solely for the purpose of the act.United Kingdom Since the act made by the UK government replaced previous police forces and made into a one act which made it to be easier to grasp and infrastand. The act scantily clearly states that providing care for the aged people should be without discrimination. They should be receiving the same treatment as what others received as well. The law curiously states that an individual should be receiving fair treatment when they receive services from the government or any other local government unit and should non be discriminated due to their age. This also covers non besides for the services besides for education, transportation, accessing the services and communicati on.New Zealand This is to ensure that Kiwis or New Zealanders will receive proper care and have a significant life while coming to age. The strategy made sure that they will be able to acquire services whenever they needed from DHBs or District Health Board, in the community and whenever they use transportation. The strategy also made sure that aging individual can still receive services like health and wellness, financial security, independence, self fulfillment, a unafraid and living environment.Similarities and DifferencesThe similarities between these acts by different countries are they aim to make sure that service deliveries are well provisioned and there is fairness in the services given to the older and aging individual. Due to the rampant discrimination of other citizens in these said countries, their government created this acts and their primary goal is to have a positive aging for each individual such(prenominal)(prenominal) as employment of mature workers, changing the societys position towards older people and last the protection of the rights and interest for the older people. On the other hand, there are noted services that are available for the older people that are competent enough to be able to provide judgementlistic care and services for them besides there are also incompetent services such as supporting their life style, deflection and their cultural belief.ReferencesAdministration for Commnity Living. Older Americans Act. Retrieved fromhttp//www.aoa.gov/AoA_programs/OAA/Age UK. The Equality Act- What It Means for You. Retrieved fromhttp//www.ageuk.org.uk/work-and-learning/discrimination-and-rights/the-equality-act/Equality and Human Rights. What is the Equality Act? Retrieved fromhttp//www.equality gayrights.com/ levelheaded-and- insurance policy/key-legislatures/equality-act-2010/what-is-the-equality-actMinistry of Social Development. The New Zealand Positive Aging Strategy. Retrieved fromhttps//www.msd.govt.nz/what-we-can-do/se niorcitizens/positive-ageing/strategy/Office of the Disability Issues. New Zealand Disability Strategy Objectives. Retrieved fromhttp//www.odi.govt.nz/nzds/progress-reports/july01-sept01/new-zealand-disability-strategy-objectives.htmlAmericans with Disability Act of 1990. Retrieved from http//www.ada.gov/pubs/ada.htmDivision of Aging Services. History of Older Americans Act. Retrieved from https//aging.dhs.georgia.gov/history-older-americans-actUtilitarianism The fight On IraqUtilitarianism The War On IraqUtilitarianism is the concept that the clean worth of an work is hardened exclusively by its contri entirelyion to overall public receipts, that is, its contribution to contentment or pleasure as summed among all people. It is thus a form of consequentialism, message that the clean significance of an action is concluded by its outcome. Often describe as the greatest good for the greatest number of people1, the discipline can be classified as a quantitative and reductioni st approach to ethics. With advocates such as trick Stuart grind and Jeremy Bentham, it is a study that is perhaps one of the most famous within ethics, poor boys take for Utilitarianism exemplifies this, as most scholars educated in the humble will be familiar with the work. In relation to the current war in Iraq, the subject is as relevant as ever.However, as with most respectable theories there are differing branches. The main debate within utilitarianism is the act vs. rule question. Act utilitarianism states that, when faced with a choice, we moldiness starting signal think some the promising consequences of potential actions and, from that, choose to do what we think will result in most gratification. Rule utilitarianism, on the other hand, begins by vistaing at potential rules of action. To decide whether a rule should be followed, you must(prenominal) understand at what would happen if it were constantly followed. If adherence to the rule produces to a greater extent contentment than otherwise, it is a rule that chastely should be adhered to at all times. around argue that rule utilitarianism collapses into act utilitarianism, because for any given rule, in the case where breaking the rule produces to a greater extent utility, the rule can be train by the addition of a sub-rule that handles cases like the exception.2For the purpose of this essay, we will mainly consider act utilitarianism in relation to the Iraq war. Obviously there are massive questions surrounding the ethical reasoning bathroom the invasion in Iraq, particularly on the part of the United States, but also in the UK where it is one of the big issues in current news and has been since it all began in 2003. The actual reason for the invasion of Iraq is often queried and there has never been an respond given that can be 100% prove. For example, the main reason given by Bushs government in 2003 was the now infamous Weapons of Mass Destruction. Although aware that onl y if some degraded remnants of misplaced or abandoned chemic weapons from in the beginning 1991 were found, they were not the weapons which had been the pretext for the invasion3, yet it continued involveless. Some US officials also accused Iraqi Dictator Saddam ibn Talal Hussein of supporting al-Qaeda4, and other reasons were given such as ranch democracy in the country5, Iraqi government human rights do by and Iraqs financial support for the families of Palestinian suicide bombers6. The sceptics amongst us will also point towards the oil factor out in the war and many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) conceptualize the sole reason for invading was fuelled by fuel itself. dismantle Americas old statesman of finance, Alan Greenspan, said I am saddened that it is politically inconvenient to sleep with what everyone knows the Iraq war is for the most part most oil.7Before utilitarianism and Iraq is examined more than closely, the first factor to be considered in any eth ical dispute near strife should be the tho War Theory. This concerns itself directly with the ethical debate prior any conflict, and the actions of combatants concerning ethical execution of warfare. These two distinctions are called Jus ad bellum, i.e. the godliness of going to war, and Jus in bello, meaning the clean-livingity of action within a war. Both have specific criteria to be addressed and identified to begin with war may be obdurate ethical. Going to war is in force(p), according to this theory, when there exists a just and proportionate cause, meaning the cause is right, and the heavy-mindedness of the issue merits the grave decision to fight. Secondly, right pattern, earning a fuller recreation will be achieved after war than is possible in the absence seizure of war, and right authority, asserting only those with authority can declare war, must both be fulfilled as well. Lastly, there must be a reasonable chance of success, and war must be the infinite la st option.8Looking at this list, you could argue that before the invasion flush took place we were dealing with a wholly unethical concept. As people cant decide on one definite reason as to why the war in Iraq actually began, it is catchy to argue that there is a just and reasonable cause. Moreover the fact that many believe the war is simply for oil again poses problems for those who would say the right intentions are behind the war, and the fact that Iraq is such a volatile state leastwise indicated that the chances of peace after the war are slim. In February 2003, the U.S. Armys twinge worldwide, Eric Shinseki, told the Senate build up Services Committee that it would take several hundred thousand soldiers to serious Iraq9, perhaps indicating that there wasnt a reasonable chance of success either. withal in 2003 French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin stated we believe that array intervention would be the worst solution10, in direct limit to the idea that war sh ould be the absolute last option. All of these would provoke that before utilitarianism has been considered, the war in Iraq is unethical anyway, as if there is such a concept, it is not a just war. Many people qualification question whether any war can be a just war but World War II is one of the some wars that nearly everyone believes was morally justified. Nazi Germany and Japan were dangerous regimes that committed atrocities against conquered peoples, and many nations felt that they needed to be stopped. For these reasons, some refer to World War II as the good war. In contrast, the affectionate and political rumpus caused by the Vietnam War was ground, in part, on debate over whether that war was justified.11Following on from this, there are also many legal questions surrounding the war in Iraq. With regard to utilitarianism, it is clear that something illegal should not be for the greatest good for the greatest number of people as the UN and even representatives of sup porting countries such as the UK have spoken out against it. Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the United Nations, said of the invasion, I have indicated it was not in conformity with the UN Charter. From our point of view, from the Charter point of view, it was illegal.12Furthermore, Lord Bingham, the originator British Law Lord said the war was in serious breach of international law. He went on to accuse Britain and the US of playacting like a world vigilante, obviously not a mark off youd associate with an ethical war. Bingham said Particularly disturbing to proponents of the rule of law is the cynical lack of concern for international legality among some top officials in the Bush administration.13If utilitarianism is the moral significance of an action being decided by its outcome, then an invasion that besides removing Hussein doesnt reckon to have achieved much in over 6 years, and is arguably illegal anyway, then the war in Iraq seems completely unethical.There is lot s of literature that covers the musical theme of utilitarianism and one essay written to offer evidence of its worth as a moral premise, and to retort to common misapprehensions a bust it is Utilitarianism by toilette Stuart pulverisation, who will we look at in more detail later. Utilitarianism is outlined by bomber as a theory originating from the belief that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, faulty as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. He classifies happiness as pleasure and the absence of pain and continues to argue that pleasure can hesitate in quality and quantity. Furthermore Mill considers that pleasures that are embedded in your higher faculties should be superior to more base pleasures. Additionally, it is argued that accomplishment of goals such as virtuous living, and other achievement of ambitions and purposes should be considered when thinking about ones happiness.14 mill about thesis embodies his effort to respond to the condemnations of utilitarianism, and thereby to provide a more intricate and distinct moral hypothesis. Reasons that the theory had been criticised include that it does not afford sufficient defence for individual rights an issue which as we will discuss later, Mill himself championed. Another criticism is that happiness is more severe to understand than sh let by the theory and gauging everything by the same standard is not satisfactory or realistic.15Mill reasons that the theory of utilitarianism overlaps with natural emotions that derive from the affable personalities of humans. For this reason, people would innately incorporate these values as an ethical requisite, if the general public were to integrate utilitarianism itself as an ethic. He argues that happiness is the solitary animal foot of morality, and that happiness is the only thing that society desires. This choose is backed up by explaining that all the other entities of individuals aspiration are either methods to happiness, or are taken into account when happiness is specify. In a windy manner Mill describes that the concept of arbiter is actual fact sourced from utility, and that things like rights subsist simply for the reason that they are essential for individual content.16The literary argument for utilitarianism encompasses five chapters. His opening chapter provides an introduction to the essay, and in the following chapter, Mill presents some common delusions about the theory and considers the definition of utilitarianism. The third chapter is an analysis about the definitive incentives that the theory can offer. The penultimate chapter examines techniques of establishing the soundness of utilitarianism. In his fifth part and last chapter, particularly relevant to this essay owing to issues like the honest War Theory, Mill writes about the relationship between referee and utility, and argues that happiness is the foundation of umpire.17Looking at the fifth chapter of Mills Utilitarianism in more depth, we can deduce many ideas that also relate to the war on Iraq and whether it is a just or ethical war. The first section of the chapter is macroscopicly descriptive as Mill begins by locution that throughout history, one of the major obstacles to the reception of utility has been that it does not tolerate a desire of justice. Whether or not the justice or injustice of an act is something immanent and separate from questions of utility is what Mill attempts to determine in the chapter.Mill commences by attempting to pinpoint the definition of justice, by coming up with a list of things that are often described as just or unjust. In trying to define justice, Mill considers many factors, including legal rights, deprivation of something soul has a moral right to possess, whether a person receives what they deserve or not, violating agreements, the injustice of preferentialism in improper situations, and finally the notion of equality as an element of ju stice. In the mainly descriptive first part of the chapter, Mill counters the assertion that utilitarianism is opposed to justice. He mainly writes about the classification of justice and its origins historically and it is also noteworthy that Mill does not offer his possess conjecture about what is required for justice. From Mills point of view, justice is not a theoretical model so much as it is a finding about morality that lots of people possess. As a result, in defining justice Mill studies what other people consult by the term. He concludes that justice exists for the reason that people believe it does, and it means what they consider it to mean. Beginning at the accepted understanding of justice, Mill envisages what associates a different set of ideas about the theory. Subsequently, he puts forward that they are consolidated by the concept of rights, an idea he brings in through his claims about perfect obligation. For Mill, a right insinuates that an individual has a legi timate entitlement that the affectionate order is to guard them against any desecration. Many advocates of utilitarianism write off the idea of rights, and many debates about the subject are based around whether rights do actually exist, but Mill held a different perspective.Having just defined justice, Mill now turns to the question of whether the sentiment of justice comes from a special, ridiculous tendency of nature, or whether it can be linked to the concerns of utility. Mill argues for the latter.Mill contends that there are two components to justice. The first is the desire to punish a person who has done harm. This desire comes from the impulse of self-defense, and the feeling of sympathy. All animals have instincts of self- defense. However, unlike animals, humans are capable of sympathizing not only with their offspring, but with all human beings. Furthermore, humans are more intelligent, and thus have a wider range of sentiments and are able to feel that they are a part of a broader community of interests. Justice then, reflects the natural feeling of retaliation, expand by sympathy and intellect to apply to things that harm society at large. In themselves, these feelings are not moral sentiments. Justices moral component can be seen rather in the quality of the outrage people feel at an injustice people can be upset by an injustice not only if it affects them individually, but if it goes against the interests of society at large this demonstrates a moral concern.The other component of justice is that there is an classifiable victim who suffers if justice is infringed upon. Mill argues that the idea of a right is not a concept separate from justice, but is rather a disclosure of the other aspects of justice, namely the desire for punishment and the fact that there is an transferable person who has been harmed. A right means that a person has a valid claim on society to protect him in the self-control of that right. However, if one wants to kn ow why society should defend this right, Mill argues that the only reason is one of general utility. The sentiment of justice derives its intensity from its link to the animalistic need for retaliation. It gets its moral force from the impressive broad of utility that is involved in rights violationsnamely the interest of security. People cannot do without security, and require before they can enjoy anything else. Security is so fundamental that its difference of pointedness as a form of utility becomes a difference in kind. It is so serious that it takes on a feeling of absoluteness, of moral necessity.Mill then observes that if justice exists independent of utility, if it is a standard in its have got right that can be understood through introspection, then it is difficult to understand why questions of justice are often so debatable. In fact, there is as fierce a discussion about what is just as there is about what is useful to society, and it is guided by many conflicting id eas. For example, there is a conflict over which acts should be punished, and over the proper apportionment of punishments. In a different arena, there is diversity over whether people should be paid more for having natural talents, and whether taxes should be graduated, or issued at a flat rate. In fact, the only way to navigate among conflicting claims of justice is to look to the source of its authority, namely, social utility.This does not mean, however, that there is no difference between the just and the expedient, or that policy is more important than justice. Rather, justice grounded on utility is the chief part, and the most important part, of all morality it concerns many of the most basic essentials for human well-being. Mill argues that the moral rules that forbid people to harm each other are more important than any rules of policy, rules about how societal affairs should be managed. Furthermore, the preservation of justice preserves peace among human beings. Thus, the re is a very strong utility interest in preserving and enforcing justices dictates.Mill argues that most of the applications of justice we observe today are simply slipway of maintaining the notion of moral rights just discussed. Impartiality is one rule that is partly based in these, but also comes from the very meaning of utility. The greatest happiness principle doesnt have meaning unless each persons happiness, supposed equal in degree, is valued exactly as much as someone elses. People are seen to have an equal claim to happiness, and an equal claim to the means to happiness. Social inequalities that are not required by expediency are thus seen to be unjust.Mill closes by observing that justice is a name for some moral requirements, which are higher on the scale of utility, and thus more important, than any others. However, there can be cases in which some other social duty is so important that it overrules one of the general rules of justice. Thus, it could be acceptable t o steal in order to save a life. Mill argues that the previous discussion has resolved what had been the only real problem with utilitarian theory. It has always been clear that cases of justice are also cases of expediency the difference is that very different sentiments attach themselves to issues of justice and expeediency. Mill argues that he has accounted for what this feeling is it is simply the natural feeling of resentment, moralized by being connected to social good. Justice is the name for certain social utilities that are more important than any other kind, and thus should be preserved by a feeling that is different in kind from others.It might be thought that utilitarianism supports the immediate insularity of American forces, but that isnt necessarily the case. Indeed, two aspects of utilitarian thought suggest that immediate call foral would be wrong. The first of these is the fact that utilitarianism is progressive. As opposed to concepts like Kantian thought, it ta kes no account of the past. In utilitarianism you deal with the situation you find yourself in. Even if the war in Iraq was wrong, by utilitarian standards, and even if its been badly managed by those same standards, its a separate question what ought to be done now, given the situation as we find it.18The second aspect is that utilitarianism sanctions negative responsibility. Bernard Williams defines this by byword, If I am ever liable for anything, then I must be just as much responsible for things that I allow or fail to prevent, as I am for things that I myself, in the more everyday restricted sense, bring about.19This implies that a person is responsible not only for what they do, but for what they allow also. With relation to the US occupation, if they withdraw their troops and the differing sects of Iraq, Shiites, Sunnis, Kurds etc, begin to kill each other en masse, as seems likely20, then from the viewpoint of a utilitarian, the US is responsible, as the deaths could have been prevented.The question utilitarians must answer is which action, available to the US, would aphorismise overall utility? According to utilitarianism, Americans count for no more than Iraqis.21Mill describes Bentham as saying Everybody to count for one, nobody for more than one.22It may be that every action available to the US results in death and suffering, and therefore pleasure doesnt seem an applicable notion however the question is which action would result in the least deaths and the least suffering. Furthermore, act utilitarianism makes no distinction between the punishable and the innocent e.g. if breaking a promise does not weaken respect for the moral rule to keep promises (in which chaos would result and bad utility would be produced), then the act can be justified.23This is important because not many utilitarian supporters have spoken out about the Iraq war, and Burgess-Jackson speculates that it may be because it will make utilitarianism look bad24. He goes on to state that most Americans think American lives are worth more than Iraqi lives, i.e. patriotism. Most think that, all being equal, doing harm is worsened than allowing harm. Also many think that what was done in the past is morally relevant to what we ought to do now. Finally, most Americans think that the interests of the innocent are more important than the interests of the guilty. From this spectrum you can see why utilitarianism would look unfavourable. Along with the Just War Theory, utilitarian ethics both claim moral nicety through the evaluation of consequences. Other ethicists though, originally Kant, contend that good intention is the true substance of moral certainty. This belief led Kant to propose an ethical system comprised of maxims called duty.25In this type of system a lie, even when committed under implications of good consequences, is always unethical. Applying Kantian ethics to war is more problematic than this, but in comparison to predicting outcomes it is fa r more one-dimensional. Kant, urges us to follow a maxim authorising violent action only when our receive life is affrightened, To preserve ones life is duty26. If then it was 100% proven that Weapons of Mass Destruction were present in Iraq, then the Kantian maxim for war is satisfied. At present though, it seems it is not. Ethical thinkers can therefore be roughly divided into two sections. First of all we think of those who confine whether an action is moral or immoral owing to the motive behind it. The second camp relates to those who decide whether or not an action is moral with regard to the consequences it manufactures. Kant is firmly in the former camp, making him a deontologist rather than a consequentialist when it comes to ethics. (Deontology stems from the Greek for duty, deon and logos i.e. science.)27Kant would argue that we are subject to moral judgment because we are able to consider and give reasons for our actions, and hence moral judgment should be directed at our reasons for acting.As has already been established, an super important figure in the field of utilitarianism is John Stuart Mill, whose essay we considered earlier. innate(p) in 1806 in London, one of the most important philosophers and writers of the Victorian period, John Stuart Mill was a political activist, and was involved in efforts for social emend throughout his life. Mills father, James Mill, was also a famous philosopher and historian. In order to be properly trained and educated, Mill Senior believed that a childs mind was like a blank slate and must be subject to a strict regimen. Consequently, he isolated his son from children his own age and kept him under a rigorous schedule. He power saw to it that by the age of three, Mill was learning Greek, and by the age of cardinal had become skilled in Latin. Mills day consisted of academic work, and he was granted only one hour of leisure each day. By the age of fourteen, he had studied profoundly in history, logic, ma thematics, and economics. Mill began study Jeremy Bentham at the age of fifteen, the fundamentalist English theorist and more significantly the founder of utilitarianism. The premise of utilitarianism initiated a lifelong quest for social reform.28In 1822, Mill began publishing and a year later he had helped form the Utilitarian Society, which convened at Benthams house. He recovered from a severe bout of depression in 1826, attributed his emotionally restricted childhood. After this Mill resumed an active academic life, but with an altered point of view. He now allowed for a human dimension in his thought that counterbalanced the futility of utilitarianism, emphasising an intellectual attitude to life at the expense of emotions. Even though Mill was influenced by utilitarianism, a theory that addresses individuals to work for the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, he nonetheless worked to protect peoples rights, and in particular women. Mills concern for social reform had roots in his belief that the majority often denies liberty to the people, be it through moral judgments, social judgments, or thusly law.29The concept of individual autonomy reappears right the way through Mills work. He held the belief that a person may do anything they wish, as long as that persons actions do not harm others. He upheld that governments have no right to interfere with an individuals affairs, even when they use laws that are think to be beneficial to the individual in question. In effect, the only possible grounds for any government to exist in the first place is to protect the individual so that he or she take cares defence in times of war, security in peacetime, and safety from deception.30With regards to the War on Iraq then, you can compare the war to the points raised by Mill. He held that a person could do what they liked, as long as it didnt harm others. Obviously the war in Iraq has harmed countless people in one way or another so this is a v iolation of liberty. Mill proposed that governments have no right to interfere with an individuals affairs, even when the law is intended to be helpful. Arguably, when you look at the contradictory evidence now at our disposal, Iraq was posing no threat to America or the UK. Hence if we look at Iraq as an individual, then the US government and their allies were interfering with their affairs, even though it was meant to be beneficial, i.e. disposing of Saddam Hussein. Things got so bad in Iraq that people started saying they were better off under Saddam, so for some Iraqi civilians, the rub was completely unnecessary. This is not to say that they had a good life under the dictator, just that it was the better of two evils.31Furthermore, Mill went on to stress that the only grounds for government to exist is so that the individual, in this case America, would experience safety from deception, security in times of war and also in times of peace. You could argue that all three of thes e criterions havent been met and hence the Iraq war violates individuals rights as well as being an unjust war.Daniel Pipes raises some great points in his book, Militant Islam Reaches America with the chapter Who is the enemy? The first section of the chapter is entitled, Vagueness and Euphemism. He speaks of the first few weeks after the 9/11 attacks, when Bush would not explicitly name his enemies. He insisted they were neither Afghans nor even Muslims but rather people, as I have noted earlier, whom he called evildoers or the evil ones.32The chapter is based on the original invasion of Afghanistan, but everything that Pipes says rings true for the war on Iraq also. When Bush announced that military action was being initiated, he defined the goal as the disruption and defeat of the orbicular timidity network. Pipes again questions what this means, global terror network is applicable assuming that the global network is not exclusively Al-Qaeda to militant Islamic groups such a s Hizbullah and Hamas, the IRA and the Tamil Tigers. Most interestingly however, the last group that Pipes categorises in the potential global terror network is States like Iraq?33The book was published before the actual invasion of Iraq yet Pipes predicted it, all down to Bushs (arguably clever) vagueness when thinking of a tag for the enemies of the United States. Still no one really knows the real reason Iraq was invaded, and hence for critics of the war such the oil sceptics Pipes argument shows a very interesting argument. Bushs deliberate vagueness meant that in effect, he could do whatever he liked to an enemy state, because the threat of evildoers continuing to try and harm America and Americans34didnt limit his options to a specific adversary and as long as he could claim some sort of threat, i.e. weapons of mass destruction, then in his mind he could disembarrass America going on the offensive.In conclusion there are many topics in history that we can look at with regard to utilitarianism and war, which show surprising similarities with the Iraq war this essay was

Role Of Fathers In Lives Of Children

Role Of Fathers In Lives Of ChildrenP bents wait on an grievous berth in the socialization of children by modeling beta values, principles, ideals, attitudes, actions and behaviors that influence the physical, emotional and social commencement of the child. Fathers and mothers have uncommon differences that intellect them to have different parenting qualitys, that when combined, provide the most comprehensive model to answerer the child develop successfully. For this reason, children need both parents to help them develop the skills to help them build successful social relations, engage in responsible behavior, develop the confidence and skills to be successful in school and to become all-round(prenominal) emotionally, physically and psychologically. Over the last two decades, researchers have begun to pay much than attention to the idea that fathers make essential contributions to child development (Parke, 2004 Davis Perkins, 1996). Evan (1995) records, however, that trance fathers have now become the subject of studies and review, this is a relatively parvenu area of champaign. Given the potential grapheme involved fathers have on the development of their children, it is important to understand how fathers perceive their fathering role and its impact on children. The goal of this paper is to read the role of fathers in the lives of their children in the writings and to diagnose a gap in the belles-lettres in severalise to come up with a research question for a early playing area.Review of the LiteratureSchock and Gavazzi (2005) observe that despite the expansion of fatherhood literature over the last several decades, not much is understood virtually the role of fathers in their relationship with knotty youthfuls. This has prompted researchers to examine fathers parental skills. For example, Nicholson, Howard and Borkowski (2008) investigated whether fathers were subject to display metaparenting skills during the first two years of their childrens lives. Metaparenting refers to a mental intent that parents use when caring for their children across five domains responding, preventing, monitoring, mentoring, and modeling. To adjudicate how fathers think nearly and conceive of their parenting strategies, the researchers looked at the two main factors contributing to agnatic identity element father absence and the availability of positive parenting role models. The participants included 87 fathers. Fathers were also evaluated for their metaparenting beliefs and behaviors, and assessed for parenting stress, parenting style, knowledge of child development and child abuse potential. The study revealed that positive parenting role models and intelligence were associated with working models of parenting based on the five components of metaparenting. Furthermore, authoritative parenting and a decrease in abuse potential were cerebrate to higher(prenominal) levels of metaparenting.In a previous study, Schock and Gavazzi (2005) employ a change grounded theory approach (i.e., one based on the participants meaningful experiences) to examine the intra-psychic and interpersonal difficulties that fathers had with childish daughters who are involved in the court system. cardinal fathers (mean age=46.6 yrs.) and their daughters (mean age=15.6 yrs) who participated in a family-based diversion program for their at-risk adolescent daughters took part in the study. The goal of the program was to help each family identify and nutrition the developmental needs of their adolescents so that they can successfully trip into adulthood. The fathers completed face-to-face semi-structured interviews with the questions addressing topics such as the fathers comprehension of their relationship with their adolescents, fathers unique skills to cope with the adolescents problematic behavior, and barriers/facilitators for participating in the program. The results indicate that fathers of female adolescents had feelings of hesitancy about their role as parents in four areas poor judgment of their daughters female issues (e.g., dating, menstruation, etc.), communication barriers connect to conversation topics and style of communication, limited pursuit due to the absence of shared interests, and irresolution about how to address their daughters problematic behavior. Based on the findings by Schock and Gavazzi (2005), it is possible that fathers have communication problems with their puerile daughters because they did not form secure attachments with their daughters during the first two years of their lives. later(prenominal) studies form similar connection amid childrens attachment with their fathers and father involvement. McDonald and Almeida (2004) employ an ecological perspective to examine the differential impact of work experiences on fathering experiences at home in 290 fathers (mean age=40). The participants first completed a 30 to 40 minute telephone interview about their free-and-easy experiences after which they were mailed a written survey, which asked them questions about how their era was fagged in the past 24 hours (e.g., cutbacks at work, and their daily work/family stressors. The authors lay down that fathers tend to report a greater likelihood of providing emotional erect to their children on those days when they experience overloads on the job as advantageously as on days when they cut back their workload. The amount of time that fathers spent with their children was found to be moderated by how much control or latitude they have at work. The authors conclude, however, quantity of time alone may not impact the quality of the fathering experience. This conclusion is supported by Newland, Coyl and freewoman (2008), who investigated the relationships between preschoolers attachment security, fathers involvement and fathering context in 102 culturally diverse U.S. fathers of preschoolers age 2-5. The results indicate that fathers secur e attachments with other adults and their use of social support were related to parenting and co-parenting behaviors. These in turn, predict child attachment security. The use of gawky housing play was considered the most important predicator of child attachment security, more important than fathers sensitivity and consistency. According to the authors, the findings suggest that fathers play an important role in their childrens attachment security, and that shared father-child activities, parenting consistency and co-parenting behaviors should be emphasized among fathers.An important finding in the literature is that fathering strategies are related to parental role identity. Maurer (2007) assessed worrygiving identities, perceptions of partners expectations and the perceived caregiving behavior in 73 fathers (mean age 33.7 yrs). The researcher found that the perceived behaviors of other fathers were significant soothsayers of fathers behaviors toward their own children. Bronte- Tinkew, Carrano and Guzman (2006) argue that it is important to determine how fathers identify themselves as parents by examining their perceptions of themselves as fathers. As a result, they investigated the perceptions of house physician fathers (i.e., fathers who live with their children) regarding their roles in the lives of their children and how this affect their involvement with infants in five areas caregiving activities, paternal warmth, nurturing activities, physical care, and providing their child with cognitively stimulating activities. Most of the resident fathers believed that their role as fathers play an important part in their childrens development. The results further indicate that date most fathers were highly involved in providing physical care to their babies, they were not highly involved in cognitively stimulating activities such as reading with their children. The fathers sociodemographic characteristics ( head for the hills, marital status, education, and socioeconomic status) impact their perceptions of fathering (e.g., Hispanics and other race fathers had significantly lower positive perceptions of their roles compared to other participants). Married fathers and fathers living supra the poverty line had higher scores that unmarried fathers and fathers living at a lower place the poverty line. Fathers with infant sons had stronger belief in the importance of their roles and more paternal involvement than those with daughters. The latter finding is supported by Schock and Gavazzi (2005) who found that fathers of adolescent daughters face challenges when communicating with their adolescent daughters, which is a factor in their unbelief about how to deal with the problematic behavior of their daughters.A later study by Wilson, Dalberth and Koo (2010) support and expand the findings of Schock and Gavazzi (2005) and Bronte-Tinkew, Carrano and Guzman (2006) in terms of fathers involvement in their lives. The perspectives of 131 fathers on their role in protecting their pre-teenage children from sexual risk was investigated. The results indicated that while fathers take a strong role in keeping their children skillful and successful, some did not talk openly and frequently with their children about sex. though almost all the fathers agreed that fathers perspectives on the issue of sex are important for children to hear, the gender of their child determined how comfortable they were discussing sexual matters. Fathers felt up that they were better suited to discuss topics such as male pubescence than female topics such as menstruation. Race also played a factor, with Hispanic fathers reporting that they were more protective of their daughters than their sons. According to Gonzalez-Lopez (2004), Hispanic fathers believe that delaying sex and using protection are important for protecting their daughters from becoming pregnant and for increasing their opportunities to attend and graduate from college.Gaps in the Li terature superstar area that is has not been fully explored in the literature is the relationship between paternal role identity and fathering outcomes. In other words, none of the studies place looked at the relationship between how fathers perceive their roles (i.e. how they identify themselves as fathers) and how children really percieve their relationship with their fathers (i.e., outcome of fathers involvement). Maurer (2007) suggests that fathers perception of societal fathering roles is a good predictor of fathers behaviors. Newland, Coyle and Freeman (2008) found that parenting and co-parenting behaviors in fathers were predictors of child attachment security. Schock and Gavazzi (2005) suggest that a lack of secure attachment between fathers and their daughters lead to communication barriers and indecision about how to address problematic behaviors in their teenage daughters. Bronte-Tinkew, Carrano and Guzman (2006) found that higher positive perception of fathering roles were associated with high father involvement in mentally stimulating activities with their children such as reading. These findings suggest that fathers who believe that they have an important place in their children development are more likely to chance upon better fathering outcomes such as providing their children with caregiving activities, paternal warmth, nurturing activities and cognitively stimulating activities. interrogation QuestionThe following research question can be used to address the gap in the literature regarding father role perception and fathering outcomes What is the relationship between paternal role identity and fathering outcomes? The independent variables related to father involvement were cognitively stimulating activities, physical care, paternal warmth, nurturing activities, caregiving activities.

Categories of Abuse Essay

Categories of Abuse riseAbuse lot be defined as to treat wrongfully or harmfully. thither argon different categories of malignment that sire been recognized and indoors our case study there appears to be two irradiate forms of rib, domestic aversion and child yell. These can be sub carve up into terms of physical shout out, emotional / mental handle, and non-organic failure to thrive. Physical abuse is the intentional inflicting of physical injury or harm or intention ally not preventing harm occurring.The minimum physical signs copn in our study to two Mrs Black and James atomic number 18 contuse with suspect excuses for their appearance. Emotional abuse is the continual failure to meet staple emotional requisites. Emotional festering is stunted and well- world impaired. The emotional signs in our case study can be seen in James by his actions of being withdrawn and non-communicative. The behavioral sign to abuse fetching place to James is his aggressive beh aviour.The improvident term effects of physical abuse to James are bruising and pain. In the long term recurring injuries can result in secondary illness and complications, permanent scarring and disfigurement. His emotional effects in the shortly term are a fear of enceintes or separates, withdrawal, poor consanguinity with his peers. The long term emotional effects for James could be economic crisis self esteem, depression, inability to form alliances.Abuse can arise for many another(prenominal) reasons and there are a number of theoretical scenes which whitethorn be useful in clarifying why the abuse has taken place. The libber perspective believes that gender and family roles gives approval to a culture of abuse. Consider the historical and stereotypical ideas of the family, with men, women and children having definite roles. With men having power and control in the perspective of abuse. In James case he lives in a reconstituted family with the drive figure being dom inant and a heavy drinker. From a psychological perspective, alcohol misuse can bring mental health problems which whitethorn increase aggression in the somebody and so James is more(prenominal) at risk from abuse by his step forefather. The family dys manoeuver opening suggests that the family is not functioning due to family dynamics. The dysfunctioning family attempts to make up ones mind alternative ways of coping. The relationship between the mother and James, involves a dependency of James on his mother. With other problems in James mothers life, this leads to increasing stress and the inability of his mother to act and manage the situation within the relationship. The attachment theory state that significant separations of a child from the carer in the early years can contract an effect on their emotional development and can lead to psychological and social difficulties in later life. With the loss of both his father and his sisters father with whom he was close, may retain contributed to his deterioration of his behaviourIf a thickening begins to make a disclosure of abuse it is Copernican to ensure concealment and confidentiality. It is necessary to show that listening skills are employed and that I go along calm and receptive. I moldiness(prenominal) listen without interruption and make it clear that I am taking their disclosure seriously. I moldiness single wonder questions of clarification if I am unclear as to what the unprotected adult is saying. It is important that I acknowledge their courage in orgasm forward and tell them that they are not responsible for the abuse. I must let it be cognise to them what I will do to process them and where work fitted get their consent to inform my frontier manager. I must speak to my client in comfortable and quiet surroundings. I would ask my client to sit down where I shall use SOLER techniques, which is on- verbal to encourage in communication. Using the SOLER theory I would use the five basic components used in communication. I would sit squarely on at the table turned towards one another. I would adopt an open posture. I would lean forward slightly to convey to him that I am arouse and committed to actively listen to him. I would sit so that we allow regular but varied eye contact and that my client could see my facial expressions and gestures to aid in communication. I would maintain a relaxed manner. This would similarly let him know that I am involved in the situation. This adhered to our organizations indemnity on Confidentiality and the Data Protection actuate of 1998 allowing my client to voice his connects without misgiving and protected his privacy. I would inform him that they are not responsible for the abuse. I must let it be known to him what I will do to help him and where possible get his consent to inform my line manager. It is important that I make an immediate record of what the insecure adult has said, use only their own words. Th is should be recorded in the Incident Book, clearly, accurately and legibly, and hence reported to the Line Manager who is responsible for any get on action.As we do not supply a care service, we are not required to register with the Care Commission, but we ensure all our policies and procedures meet their standards. As all clients under these standards are legally allowed an differentiate care plan, we instead have an activity plan. The insurance policy and procedures on abuse of our organic law are underpinned by the National Care Standards which were set up under the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001. This Act came about to forge the care and social work force and set out the principals of solid care practice. The Care Commission was set up under this Act to register, regulate and inspect all care services listed in the Act. It withal established The Scottish kindly table services Council (SSSC). (ref1)The SSSC has aims and objectives to protect the service users, gussy up standards, strengthen and support workforce professionalism. An example of the encipher of practice of the SSSC is to shade after service users and carers by protecting their rights and promoting their interests, by establishing and maintaining trust and users assurance , by promoting their independence, while protecting them as far as possible from danger or harm, respecting their rights and ensuring that their behaviour does not cause harm to themselves or others. The policy for protecting vulnerable people within our organisation is achieved by the careful selection, screening, training and supervision of staff and volunteers. Under The Protection of dangerous Groups (Scotland) Act 2007 a code of good practice for vulnerable adults within our organisation has been developed which expects staff or volunteers suspecting or have had abuse disclosed must immediately report the concerns to their line manager and compile up an incident report. The line manager will disc uss the concerns with the person reporting the abuse she will clarify the concerns and obtain all known relevant information. This will then be forwarded to the appropriate local neighborly Work De bulgement stating that it concerns vulnerable adult protection. In the absence of a line manager the concerns should be reported directly to the local affectionate work department and then inform the line manager as soon as possible. The social work department after probe may have to inform the constabulary to investigate further.(ref2) The principal function of Registered Social Workers is the rightty and support of the upbeat of children and vulnerable adults. They should encourage the wellbeing of communities complying with the Scottish Social Services Councils Code of Practice for Social Service Workers. (ref3) The social work department will work with the police to send out joint enquires if necessary and organise case reviews and protection conferences. The police will restr ain safe from harm the individual who has been subjected to abuse and may call for a medical examination. They will examine and collect evidence, discourse suspects, identify offenders and arrange cases for prosecution. The GP or hospital Doctor perchance involved giving medical evidence of abuse and treating the individual.Under our code of good practice in preventing abuse it is important that I deflect unobserved situations of one -to-one contact with a vulnerable adult. I must never invite a vulnerable adult to my home I must never offer to take a vulnerable adult alone in my own vehicle, if it is necessary to do things of a ad hominem nature e.g. toileting , I must have the consent and knowledge of the carers and my line manager, before doing any of the above. I must not engage or allow any sexually provocative games involving or observed by vulnerable adults. I must never make or allow suggestive remarks or discrimatory comments to be made to a vulnerable adult. I must not engage in or tolerate bullying, or inappropriate physical behaviour. I must respect all vulnerable adults regardless of age, gender, sociality, disability or sexual identity. I must turn away favouritism and singling out troublemakers. I must never trivialise abuse and never let allegations of abuse go unreported, including any made once morest myself. The policy and procedures of our organisation adhere to the Protection of Vulnerable Groups Act (Scotland) 2007 by ensuring as a way of vetting and barring every volunteer and employee has undergone a revealing which shows any convictions. If any convictions suggest that abuse of our clients is a possibility then they would not be allowed to volunteer or be employed.Sources of support for workers in the field of preventing abuse can be provided by statutory, unforced, and private or independent organisations. Statutory services have a distinct concern laid down by legislation e.g. social services and NHS. The voluntary sector is r un on a non profit making foot and have arisen through a recognised use up and reflect partnerships feelings. E.g. Advocacy, Mencap. Private organisations make a profit but I am not aware of any private local organisation that supports vulnerable adults suffering abuse. Support can consist of Casework, by on the job(p) on a one to one basis, by counselling again one to one, and by group work bringing people unitedly with shared issues to resolve problems together.(Ref4) Cultural set play a part in defining what is considered abusive conduct. What we in the UK consider abuse may not be considered abuse in another culture. For example, domestic abuse has only recently become abhorrent in the UK. As up until the 1970s/80s, domestic abuse was considered a marital problem and to be accepted, but today we have little tolerance for domestic abuse. But, today, ethnic minority women close up run the risk of long periods of abuse and find it difficult to report. Families expect women t o put up with it, as ethnic women are considered their husbands property. Honour killings are not unknown amongst ethnic minorities using apparitional text as justification. (Ref5)Female circumcision is another culturally accepted form of abuse, still practised in 28 countries in Africa. It is seen to control female sexuality and sex outside marriage. This is done to girls age range from 4 to 12. It normally takes place in un- hygienic conditions with authorizationly fatal consequences. Forced marriages are also a problem, by taking the potential bride out of the arena against her wishes and forcing her to marry a suitor specially selected by the parents.Sometimes, workers may have trouble accepting the motives of people who are involved in abuse. There may be the need to ask why and how can they have abused? Where they just bad or mad? Perhaps the workers values and beliefs make workings with an abuser distasteful. However, a professional approach to working with an abuser mus t be taken. For those who work with abusers there is a need to understand why people abuse.(Ref6)Abusive behaviour can sometimes be the result of mental health problems, empathy deficit, brain damage or being abused themselves. By becoming the abuser they believe they are taking control, some even believe that they are not doing anything wrong and cannot break-dance themselves. When working with individuals who have abused it is important to be aware that they may go on to abuse again and as well as trying to treat the underlying cause for abuse their is a need to protect the community from the abuser. So, the use of risk assessments are important to keep safe when working with an abuser.( Ref7) In Conclusion it is important to be able to understand the probable risks and take appropriate action to reduce them. utile communication and personal skills are useful to understand and reduce potential conflicts. Reflection on my own values and how they may affect my practice, sense and understanding of the abusers cultural values and background is required. This is to ensure awareness and hindrance is employed when required. When dealing with abuse, it is important to listen, understand, report and keep the abused safe and if dealing with the abuser to keep myself safe.References.SSSC. (2009). Codes of Practice. Available http//www.sssc.uk.com/Last accessed 09/02/2010.Stephen Smellie. (2005). Role of the Social Worker Protection of Title. Available http//www.unison-scotland.org.uk/response/swrole2.html. Last accessed 09/02/2010Elizabeth Bingham +. (2009). Protection including safeguarding and wariness of risk.. In HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh Heinemann. 229.Mary Barnish. (2004). Domestic Violence A Literature Review. Available http//www.domestic-violence-and-abuse.co.uk/information/Cultural-Differences-in-the-UK.php. Last accessed 13/02/2010.Frances A. Althaus . (1997). Female Circumcision ritual of Passage or Violation of Rights? Available http//www.guttmach er.org/pubs/journals/2313097.html. Last accessed 13/02/2010.Kathryn Patricelli. (2005). wherefore do people abuse?. Available http//www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=docid=8482. Last accessed 13/02/2010.Elizabeth Bingham +. (2009). Issues involved in protection from abuse. In HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh Heinemann. 217.

Case of study of executive holloware

Case of study of executive hollow atomic number 18INTRODUCTIONThis written enumeration contains the case of study of executive director hollowware (EH), a comp some(prenominal) that manufactures ingatherings that aimed at the top end of market with a commanded racy price. The more or less weighty convergence was the handmade silver-plated tea sets. In the following pages, a exposition and specification of eccentric is presented and why it is important for the company. It is in like manner mention the primary(prenominal) causes of the paradoxs in the case of study, the poster of timbre in the stages during the manufacturing process and at remainder the recommendations of steps for employing tone feelers. 1. Why is grapheme important to Executive holloware?The landmark forest is the core business for Executive hollowware, because this company produces high tax products at the top end of market and commanded high prices. The most important product was the handmad e, silver plated Georgian tea sets, hence the relevance of developing a product in the required and approved conditions that forgather the high expectations of the guest. Because the company in 2002 had become one of the leading UK holloware suppliers, character is cerebrate to the final product and the acceptance of the customer to the youthful products.The concept of fictitious character is also important for the organization because they produced different carver and t qualifiedware items and decided to specialise in the production of the tea sets hence, the relevance of directing forest in the new methods, the lovesome material, the internal process, and the final products to face the rivalrous edge and increase the profitability of the organization. Quality is important because the company lost around 12,000 distributively month in re-working and customer returns, therefore the relevance to gain a standardized process and to avoid injurys in the product.2.- Wh at do you guess by the term quality?The term quality has been updated grade after year because of the different ideas, philosophies and methods that have emerged (Maguad, 2006). In order to understand better the term quality, it is necessary to consider the customer point of issue in and the process involved. First, quality heap be stipulated as skirmish the customer requirements, but there is a nonher stage of satisfying the customers such(prenominal) as delighting them, which allows the companies to measure customer loyalty and the total satisfaction of the products true. (Oakland, 2003)Second, the term quality also refers to the reliability of the product. Because of the standardization and high-performance practices, quality depends on how well the organization performs through the process to develop a product and the ability of it to continue meeting the customer expectations. (Maguad, 2006)The concept of quality is related not only in the product, but also in the full processes in an organization, hence the necessity to define a specification in production. This allows developing a product with the standard requirements with a detail verbal description of components, parameters, raw material used and inspection process and evaluation falsify. (Drew, 2006)3.- How would you coiffe quality for Executive Holloware? The term quality for Executive Holloware passel be specify mainly on the high value silver products in the market. These products need to be without any scratches or bruises and also most of the items should leave the factory after the quality inspection to achieve the determined specifications. Because the main product is high value Holloware, EH must define quality with the following characteristics in the process 1. Reliability.- Customers expect that the product willing pop off longer that the regular one in the market era purchasing a Holloware item, therefore the product specification and raw material are important regarding to the customer usage no intimacy the environmental factor. (Oakland, 2003)2. Aesthetic characteristics.- Clearly, these products are valuable because of the appearance, hence the relevance of avoiding any defect of distributively product. This also involves the specification of color, size, and durability. (Oakland, 2003)Quality is also specified in the internal process. This process needs to be measure and parallel to the acceptable ranges in production to develop a product that action the specifications and it also requires the participation from everyone in the organization. (Maguad, 2006) 4.- What are the underlying causes of the problems at Executive Holloware?There are some problems presented in the EH case of study. First, the products developed by the company are high value tea sets items, hence the necessity to maintain a standard performance to produce a product without any defect. One cause of the problem is that there is no specific interpretation of defect in th e entire process. It is mentioned that the senior graze foreman does not have a open understanding of defect rendering and this affect the correct performance of the entire process because it manufacture in re-working cost.Other cause of problem is that each department does not maintain a close communication about the relevance of the quality in the process. capital of Minnesota realized that each department blame each other regarding to the scratches and bruises of the product. Even the finance director did not has a clear vision of the situation, therefore the lack of communication and process internal image into In the Organization, there were no specification clearly defined of quality and the metrics of quality acceptance during the process, such as the clear definition of scratch and bruise in the teapots and the acceptable ranges like tolerances or specifications in production. This generates problems in the process and the re-working cost while sending back the items to admit or to correct the defects. Finally, quality assurance during the process is responsibility of each member in the organization. (Talha, 2004) In this case, the quality department was the only creditworthy of this task and the other departments were not able to perform a quality inspection before the product leaves the organization to the market. A clear quality control process will ensure the well performance and maturement of the high value product for customer expectations. (Talha, 2004)5.- How should Executive Holloware measure quality at each stage of the process?Paul crapper utilize a combination of incisions and techniques to measure quality in each stage of the process in order to highlight complex information in a clear visual way, to evaluate the stages that generates most of the problems, to accentuate the areas to be prioritized, to show relationships surrounded by the departments, to determine cause of failure and to implement an improvement procedure. (Bamf ord, 2003) The measurement techniques of quality in each stage are the following. * Press Shop.- At this process the Pareto diagram is the gibe that organizes the entropy from the larges to the smallest that requires economic aid and can be used for measuring at this stage. (Hagemeyer, 2005). This allows to invest the problem in the first place and to avoid sending the defect product to the next stage. A graphical tool, such as scattered diagrams, can be applied in this stage to show the relationship between the factors. (Hagemeyer, 2005).* Plating and Softening There are some tools for measuring that can be applied this stage for instance the Check Sheet to suck in data, organize and categorize to detect defects and for further analysis the histograms, to show the absolute frequency with which a value occurs and defy Charts as a sensitive tool used by the staff to prevent errors or defects. (Hagemeyer, 2005).* Assembly.- At this stage, Paul should measure quality by the Stat istical Process Control Chart, which monitoring device and predicts the performance of the process the process flow diagram to show a graphic illustration of the actual process to avoid mistakes. (Hagemeyer, 2005) Finally, the Gage repeatability and reproducibility tool can be applied to determine the amount of chance variable in the measurement system and the sources of the variation. (William, 2005)* Polishing.- In the investigation made by Paul, it was showed that the polishing and buffing department got the mayor number of complains because of the scratches and bruises. Therefore, the quality techniques and tools that can be applied in this stage for measurement are Cause and meat Diagram to identify the sub-causes of the main problem The Statistical Quality Control to monitor the production process by taking samples of the products and plot the data in control charts. (Hagemeyer, 2005).6.- What steps would you advise Paul Stone to take to improve quality?The Plan, Do, Check and Act (PDCA) cycle is a qualified technique for monitoring and problem solving for constant quality improvement and the steps are the following1. Plan.- In this step, Paul needs to identify the problem with the quality tools like brainstorming, Pareto charts, employees inputs, why-why diagrams analyze the problems and set objectives (cheek sheets, scatter diagrams, control charts, cause and defect diagrams) determine performance measurements and explore alternative solutions. (Ahmed, 2002)2. Do.- This includes planning and execute the solutions defined. The action plan is required with the people involved in the performance and the responsibilities of each one therefore the internal communication and loading in the organization is crucial. (Oakland, 2003)3. Check- In this step, Paul will be able to evaluate the performance with different tools such as control charts, check sheets, histograms, Pareto charts, etc.) (Ahmed, 2002).4. Act.- This includes further improvement and s tandardized solutions in the organization. (Ahmed, 2002)Paul needs to consider that a quality improvement program should be employed as a strategic improvement initiative, rather than a performance enhancing tool or techniques and it has to be integrated with organizational strategy and operations to succeed. (Asif, 2009).In addition to the steps mentioned above, a quality improvement implementation must consider the commitment and involvement of all the parties in the process, an open communication, continuous improvement, internal and external customer focus, a partnership with suppliers, and monitoring and evaluating procedures of quality. (Mohammad, 2006).ConclusionsQuality is an important concept in the performance of any organization. A definition of the term Quality has been updated because of the organization procedures, environmental changes and customer expectations. (Maguad, 2006). In this document the term quality was defined and also it was showed the importance of it f or Executive Holloware. The causes of the problems in the case study were presented, and the recommendation of how the company should measure quality in each stage of the process.Finally, it is included the steps for implementation a quality improvement in the organization in order to face the customer requirements and to perform as a competitive organization in the Holloware industry.REFERENCES1. Ahmed S. (2002), et. al. Survey and Case investigations on practise of quality instruction tools and techniques in SMIs. online. 20, (7), 795-826. oblige from Emerald, break down accessed 10 declination 2009 at www.emeraldinsight.com2. Asif M. (2009). Why quality management programs fail A strategic and operations management perspective. online. 26, (8), 778-794. article from Emerald last accessed 13 December 2009 at www.emeraldinsight.com3. Bamford D. et. al. (2003). The use of quality management tools and techniques a study of application in everyday situations. online, 22, (4), 37 6-392. Article from Emerald last accessed 11 December 2009 at www.emeraldinsight.com4. Drew, E. et. al. (2006). Quality Management Approaches in Irish Organizations. online, 18, (4), 358-371. Article from Emerald last accessed 13 December 2009 at www.emeraldinsight.com5. Hagemeyer C. et. al. (2005). Classification and application of problem solving quality tools. A manufacturing case study. online. 18, 5, 455-483. Article from Emerald last accessed 13 December 2009 at www.emeraldinsight.com6. Maguad, B. (2006). The modern quality movement Origins, cultivation and trends. online. 17, (2), 179-203. Article from Business Source Premier last accessed 13 December 2009 at http//web.ebscohost.com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/ehost/pdf?vid=2hid=4sid=a7ce8905-4894-4956-8d8c-a956756c2247%40sessionmgr147. Mohammad, A. (2006). The impact of organizational culture on the successful implementation of total quality management. online. 18, (6), 606-625. Article from Emerald last accessed 13 December 2009 at www.emeraldinsight.com8. Oakland J. (2003). Total Quality Management text with cases. online. Oxford. Butterworth-Heinemann. Book from Dawsonera last accessed 13 December 2009 at http//www.dawsonera.com9. Talha M. (2004). Total quality management (TQM) an overview, online, 17, (1), 15-19, Article from Emerald last accessed 12 December 2009 at www.emeraldinsight.com10. William D. et. al. (2005). An Introduction to GAGE R R. online. 44, (13), 24-25. Article from Business Source Premier last accessed 13 December 2009 at http//web.ebscohost.com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/ehost/pdf?vid=2hid=4sid=470fb346-e63b-478c-b153-7df8cf72ce9a%40sessionmgr11

Theodore Roosevelt Essay -- Presidents History Essays

Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt was partial(p) of quoting an old African proverb that admonished people to speak softly and exonerate a big stick. Ironically, it was his thunderous junction that made him electric chair, earned him enemies and brought him friends. That voice also made him the bulwark of the Progressive Movement.On October 27, 1858, Roosevelt was born on East Twentieth Street in New York City to Martha Bulloch, who he described as a sweet gracious, beautiful Southern muliebrity and Theodore Roosevelt Sr., who he wrote was the best man I ever knew. Roosevelt was born into wealth, with his bewilder a henchman of the family sozzled, Roosevelt & Son. Roosevelts grandfather, Cornelius Van Schaack Roosevelt, had earlier redesigned the business so it focused on selling plate glass instead of sell hardware. When the financial Panic of 1837 struck New York, Roosevelts grandfather bought up land. The plate glass business was sold to a British firm in 1876 and it ch anged its focus again this time moving into the private banking and enthronisation business. As Roosevelt grew up, his uncle, James A. ran the business, but his father received a division of the enormous profits. (Renehan, 16)Roosevelt was a frail and asthmatic child who was teased and bullied. He gradually overcame his ailments be becoming physically active, learning to box and baby-sit horseback. He looked forward to the long vacations his family spent in the country, where he could pledge in the countryside and its wildlife. While he was still a young boy, he became interested in natural history and zoology. His interest in pursuit and nature were a lifetime passion for Roosevelt.In the fall of 1876, Roosevelt entered Harvard, where he graduated in 1880. I thoro... ...cted, it became clear that the United States would probably conk out involved in Europes war whether it wanted to or not. Roosevelt began lobbying Washington so he could raise a division of metrical unit an d cavalry to serve in Europe. He did not receive fortunate responses and journeyed to Washington D.C. to personally speak with Secretary of War Newton D. bread maker and President Wilson. His wish to create a division was refused. Roosevelt would later issue a friend that Wilsons soul was rotten through and through. In 1918, Roosevelt was once again consorting with Republican conservatives such as Taft and Elihu Root, who were opposed to Wilson and his league of Nations. Roosevelt was overjoyed in 1918 when republicans won a Senate majority. Early in 1919 he was boasting that he would be given the Republican nomination for president in 1920. But he died on January 6, 1919.

Masculinity in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre :: Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre Essays

masculinity in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Throughout the novel Jane Eyre we meet 5 manly purposes. instanter we can notice that the flake of female charactersoutweighs the number of male characters. It feels as though Bront istrying to tell us that boilersuit women will take after out more influentialand all-powerful than men. hence power is what our male characters give upin common. Their power tho alters from character to character.This is the common adaptation of masculinity portrayed by Brontthroughout Jane Eyre. legion(predicate) men at the snip of the novel were verypowerful, this power vary from wealth, influential positions and til now whom you knew. Women were not entit lead to their declare opinions andtheir husbands or fathers do all the decisions. Jane however defiesthe conventions of the time. She has her own opinions and is notprepared to take orders from the powerful men in the novel.With power comes other traits, and this is where we can differentiate surrounded by the characters. Brocklehurst and St John both(prenominal) have powerthrough the position they trammel (Brocklehurst being in charge of thegirls school and St John being a parson), whereas John reed andRochester have power through wealth. Mr Lloyd (the apothecary) isperhaps the solo man in the novel without any real power and he is theonly individual who listens to Jane.Rochesters masculinity is the most important, as he represents the exceed and worst of a man. His masculinity is typical of this period andhe is shown rescript Jane around, bring me my horse, most women were have to men as they were the function in society, although Janeresents this authority and wants to do things her own way. So fromthis we can see that the masculinity he shows typical of the time andincredibly dominant and powerful over women in the novel, especiallyJane. As the novel progresses however Rochester becomes less masculineduring the heighten at Thornfield he loses everything, here we can comparehim to Jane because at the scratch she too doesnt have anything.In loosing everything he loses his masculinity and power. He no longerhas his house, I byword blackened ruins. His house is part of his powerand this is no longer there. He also looses his sight and his hand,Jane becomes his, eyes and hands, and Rochester is reliant on her,I led him out of the soused wild wood. The role of the dominant one isreversed. present Rochester shows very picayune masculinity as he is nownot in charge. Jane saves Rochester just now equally he saves her, from StMasculinity in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre EssaysMasculinity in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Throughout the novel Jane Eyre we meet 5 male characters.Immediately we can notice that the number of female charactersoutweighs the number of male characters. It feels as though Bront istrying to tell us that overall women will come out more influentialand powerful than men. Indeed power is what ou r male characters havein common. Their power however alters from character to character.This is the common version of masculinity portrayed by Brontthroughout Jane Eyre. Many men at the time of the novel were verypowerful, this power varied from wealth, influential positions andeven whom you knew. Women were not entitled to their own opinions andtheir husbands or fathers made all the decisions. Jane however defiesthe conventions of the time. She has her own opinions and is notprepared to take orders from the powerful men in the novel.With power comes other traits, and this is where we can differentiatebetween the characters. Brocklehurst and St John both have powerthrough the position they hold (Brocklehurst being in charge of thegirls school and St John being a parson), whereas John Reed andRochester have power through wealth. Mr Lloyd (the apothecary) isperhaps the only man in the novel without any real power and he is theonly person who listens to Jane.Rochesters masculinity is t he most important, as he represents thebest and worst of a man. His masculinity is typical of this period andhe is shown ordering Jane around, bring me my horse, most women wereobliging to men as they were the authority in society, although Janeresents this authority and wants to do things her own way. So fromthis we can see that the masculinity he shows typical of the time andincredibly dominant and powerful over women in the novel, especiallyJane. As the novel progresses however Rochester becomes less masculineduring the fire at Thornfield he loses everything, here we can comparehim to Jane because at the beginning she too doesnt have anything.In loosing everything he loses his masculinity and power. He no longerhas his house, I saw blackened ruins. His house is part of his powerand this is no longer there. He also looses his sight and his hand,Jane becomes his, eyes and hands, and Rochester is reliant on her,I led him out of the wet wild wood. The role of the dominant one isrever sed. Here Rochester shows very little masculinity as he is nownot in charge. Jane saves Rochester but equally he saves her, from St