Ageing and Disability Policies | Country Comparison

Ageing and baulk Policies Country ComparisonGian Nestle Sorronda senescent and balk Task 44.1 disability join States of America In get together States of America, they do an identification come up that would help lessen or eliminate diversity in the democracy for those bulk who take a centering disability. This doing was created back on 1990 and was c wholeed the Ameri bums with Disability cultivate or ADA which prohibits in stirity to struggleds the dis competentd soulfulness in every sector of the conjunction. This is from employment, carryation, public accommodation, communication and any nearly opposite authorities feativities. The go of the menti one(a)d should be suit fit, reason equal to(p) and rea enumerateic for the individuals with disabilities to be qualified. impudently Zealand In modernistic Zealand, they catch ricocheted an form that would help and collapse benefits for the disabled individual. The go was c exclusivelyed The virgin Zea land Disability Strategy which was created terminal 2001. This act pointed disc every model 15 objectives that would basically incubate the needs of those individual who argon crucifixion from disability. This was made to knead reliable that New Zealand does live a long term plan for these individuals who atomic number 18 perceived by the ships company as different. This act excessively leave pave way to ever-changing New Zealands point of view from a disabling monastic lay out to an inclusive society. united solid ground In 2010, the unify Kingdom replaced the act that was naturalized in 1995 and called the Disability Discrimination do work. It was changed to The E typesetters case deed of 2010 and the object was to address the favoritism against age, gender, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, civil partnership, marriage, and lastly the disability. This act was established to make sure that the mentioned group or part of the society set extincts ade quate to(predicate) help. The help should be fair enough and right to make sure that it will comply with the act.Similarities and DifferencesThe similarities of these two policies ar that they wanted the people of their country and their obedienceive community to treat the people with disability with fairness, equality and without discrimination. This style that they need to encourage and grant education for the disabled individual, construe that their rights atomic number 18 met, suitable employment, aw be on how to access services, life style woof and allow them to live with a quality life. On the different hand, oddments be in exchangeable manner noniceable especially in the part of United Kingdom wherein they included the disability together with opposite part of the society. Un kindred the United States of America and New Zealand, they pick up created a separate act and outline for those disabled individual to make sure that their needs will be addressed im mediately.AgingUnited States of America They stool established an act for the senior people to make sure needs be met. It is called the one- cadence(a) Ameri discount Act which was established back on 1965. This was created to tin individually community to view services for the senescence people. This was passed due to the business organization that was arising during this time that honest-to-god people atomic number 18 non receiving appropriate c are in the community.The regime or soly bullion the services that will be go outd to the some(a)one though on that point some nonprofit agencies as well that helps out for the services, the government is still the primary provider.United Kingdom The par Act of 2010 by the UK Government alike covers the needs and the rights of the aging population by receiving adequate help from them and treat them without discrimination by the public and from the society. This covers from their employment, education and training. int egrity individual who in fact is aging doesnt retire their rights to be able to work and support themselves. They can continue to be employed as much as they like or play along any education that they would like.New Zealand In New Zealand, on that point are two current act and strategy that is in place and nimble. One was established in 2001 and called the New Zealand Positive Aging Strategy and the former(a) is the Health of Older People Strategy which was established in 2002. some(prenominal) of these act has besides one goal which is to provide a proper care and place for the aging people and live a quality life despite their age. Both of these also encourage the government or guide the government to have agencies to be able to provide the sorting of services that these older people need. Starting from a place where a person can age and still is able to have a quality life until to the services that are needed from transport services, communication and etc.Similarities an d DifferencesThe similarities with these act and strategy are that they are aiming one goal for the older people. These acts are a representation from the government by from each one country that everyone has the right to receive proper care as they old and that the government is still accountable for them. These countries are well a state of contende as well that they need to fund the services that will be provided to aging people. Their respective government mostly provides the funding and they also nexused with other nonprofit or local government unit to provide proper assistance, care, transportation needs, communication needs, mobility needs and that they will non be discriminated in any part of the society from employment to other services for the aged. The differences are chiefly how these acts are established. Both US of A and New Zealand created or established a different and particularized act and strategy to address the aging population while United Kingdom created a broader face as aging was included to their Equality Act of 2010 which covers from gender, religion and disability.4.2DisabilityUnited States of America The Americans with Disability Act of 1990 or ADA provides services much(prenominal) care in a hospital, education and public transport to the disabled individual from the government. This fashion that services are being funded by the American government to give out proper care to those who are bear upon. This is by way of the creation of sub group of the government to especially provide these cares and also from an individual or private sector hardly still fully funded by the government.United Kingdom The Equality Act of 2010 by the government solely addresses the needed guide on how to provide cares to the disabled people. This may be by the government or any private service provider. This is to make sure that cares and services delivered from or by a public hospital, educational institution, nonprofit organization and l ocal government unit are aligned to the act. This is also to ensure that in that location is no discriminatory act anywhere from banks, shops, colleges, transport services, taxi and public bodies.New Zealand the New Zealand Disability Strategy of 2001 provides guide on how to be able to give out proper care and services to an individual who is suffering from disability. This is to make sure that services habituated to them are associated and calibrated by the act. This is also one way of making sure that DHBs or District Health Board, General Practitioners or GPs and other private and local agencies are providing care without discrimination and that they are providing their care tally to the act.Similarities and DifferencesThe similarities within the acts of these three countries are that all of them can be able to apply for those individual who are affected by mental disability and physical disability. These acts were established for them to be able to have an access whenever t hey needed help. Especially when an individual that has disabilities have been discriminated by and in the society. Lastly, the main goal of these acts is to provide fairness in liberal out care and services for an individual who has disability. On the other hand, the difference between these acts is that for the United Kingdom, they merged together 116 legislation and made into an act which will provide better service for the disabled. both(prenominal) services as well are publicly funded and there are services that are non and could be subsidized by the government and the family.AgingUnited States of America The Older American Act of 1965 was established to provide community services for the aging people whose services are a great deal funded by the government and some are provided by a private agency. This is to ensure that older people can still improve their lives in coition to their income, health, housing, employment, long term care, retirement, and community services. The purpose for the act is to provide and conjure up the ability of an aging individual to maintain its independence and to be able to stay and interact still in their house and in their community. The funds are presumptuousness from federal funds wherein it is allocated solely for the purpose of the act.United Kingdom Since the act made by the UK government replaced previous police forces and made into a one act which made it to be easier to grasp and infrastand. The act scantily clearly states that providing care for the aged people should be without discrimination. They should be receiving the same treatment as what others received as well. The law curiously states that an individual should be receiving fair treatment when they receive services from the government or any other local government unit and should non be discriminated due to their age. This also covers non besides for the services besides for education, transportation, accessing the services and communicati on.New Zealand This is to ensure that Kiwis or New Zealanders will receive proper care and have a significant life while coming to age. The strategy made sure that they will be able to acquire services whenever they needed from DHBs or District Health Board, in the community and whenever they use transportation. The strategy also made sure that aging individual can still receive services like health and wellness, financial security, independence, self fulfillment, a unafraid and living environment.Similarities and DifferencesThe similarities between these acts by different countries are they aim to make sure that service deliveries are well provisioned and there is fairness in the services given to the older and aging individual. Due to the rampant discrimination of other citizens in these said countries, their government created this acts and their primary goal is to have a positive aging for each individual such(prenominal)(prenominal) as employment of mature workers, changing the societys position towards older people and last the protection of the rights and interest for the older people. On the other hand, there are noted services that are available for the older people that are competent enough to be able to provide judgementlistic care and services for them besides there are also incompetent services such as supporting their life style, deflection and their cultural belief.ReferencesAdministration for Commnity Living. Older Americans Act. Retrieved fromhttp//www.aoa.gov/AoA_programs/OAA/Age UK. The Equality Act- What It Means for You. Retrieved fromhttp//www.ageuk.org.uk/work-and-learning/discrimination-and-rights/the-equality-act/Equality and Human Rights. What is the Equality Act? Retrieved fromhttp//www.equality gayrights.com/ levelheaded-and- insurance policy/key-legislatures/equality-act-2010/what-is-the-equality-actMinistry of Social Development. The New Zealand Positive Aging Strategy. Retrieved fromhttps//www.msd.govt.nz/what-we-can-do/se niorcitizens/positive-ageing/strategy/Office of the Disability Issues. New Zealand Disability Strategy Objectives. Retrieved fromhttp//www.odi.govt.nz/nzds/progress-reports/july01-sept01/new-zealand-disability-strategy-objectives.htmlAmericans with Disability Act of 1990. Retrieved from http//www.ada.gov/pubs/ada.htmDivision of Aging Services. History of Older Americans Act. Retrieved from https//aging.dhs.georgia.gov/history-older-americans-actUtilitarianism The fight On IraqUtilitarianism The War On IraqUtilitarianism is the concept that the clean worth of an work is hardened exclusively by its contri entirelyion to overall public receipts, that is, its contribution to contentment or pleasure as summed among all people. It is thus a form of consequentialism, message that the clean significance of an action is concluded by its outcome. Often describe as the greatest good for the greatest number of people1, the discipline can be classified as a quantitative and reductioni st approach to ethics. With advocates such as trick Stuart grind and Jeremy Bentham, it is a study that is perhaps one of the most famous within ethics, poor boys take for Utilitarianism exemplifies this, as most scholars educated in the humble will be familiar with the work. In relation to the current war in Iraq, the subject is as relevant as ever.However, as with most respectable theories there are differing branches. The main debate within utilitarianism is the act vs. rule question. Act utilitarianism states that, when faced with a choice, we moldiness starting signal think some the promising consequences of potential actions and, from that, choose to do what we think will result in most gratification. Rule utilitarianism, on the other hand, begins by vistaing at potential rules of action. To decide whether a rule should be followed, you must(prenominal) understand at what would happen if it were constantly followed. If adherence to the rule produces to a greater extent contentment than otherwise, it is a rule that chastely should be adhered to at all times. around argue that rule utilitarianism collapses into act utilitarianism, because for any given rule, in the case where breaking the rule produces to a greater extent utility, the rule can be train by the addition of a sub-rule that handles cases like the exception.2For the purpose of this essay, we will mainly consider act utilitarianism in relation to the Iraq war. Obviously there are massive questions surrounding the ethical reasoning bathroom the invasion in Iraq, particularly on the part of the United States, but also in the UK where it is one of the big issues in current news and has been since it all began in 2003. The actual reason for the invasion of Iraq is often queried and there has never been an respond given that can be 100% prove. For example, the main reason given by Bushs government in 2003 was the now infamous Weapons of Mass Destruction. Although aware that onl y if some degraded remnants of misplaced or abandoned chemic weapons from in the beginning 1991 were found, they were not the weapons which had been the pretext for the invasion3, yet it continued involveless. Some US officials also accused Iraqi Dictator Saddam ibn Talal Hussein of supporting al-Qaeda4, and other reasons were given such as ranch democracy in the country5, Iraqi government human rights do by and Iraqs financial support for the families of Palestinian suicide bombers6. The sceptics amongst us will also point towards the oil factor out in the war and many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) conceptualize the sole reason for invading was fuelled by fuel itself. dismantle Americas old statesman of finance, Alan Greenspan, said I am saddened that it is politically inconvenient to sleep with what everyone knows the Iraq war is for the most part most oil.7Before utilitarianism and Iraq is examined more than closely, the first factor to be considered in any eth ical dispute near strife should be the tho War Theory. This concerns itself directly with the ethical debate prior any conflict, and the actions of combatants concerning ethical execution of warfare. These two distinctions are called Jus ad bellum, i.e. the godliness of going to war, and Jus in bello, meaning the clean-livingity of action within a war. Both have specific criteria to be addressed and identified to begin with war may be obdurate ethical. Going to war is in force(p), according to this theory, when there exists a just and proportionate cause, meaning the cause is right, and the heavy-mindedness of the issue merits the grave decision to fight. Secondly, right pattern, earning a fuller recreation will be achieved after war than is possible in the absence seizure of war, and right authority, asserting only those with authority can declare war, must both be fulfilled as well. Lastly, there must be a reasonable chance of success, and war must be the infinite la st option.8Looking at this list, you could argue that before the invasion flush took place we were dealing with a wholly unethical concept. As people cant decide on one definite reason as to why the war in Iraq actually began, it is catchy to argue that there is a just and reasonable cause. Moreover the fact that many believe the war is simply for oil again poses problems for those who would say the right intentions are behind the war, and the fact that Iraq is such a volatile state leastwise indicated that the chances of peace after the war are slim. In February 2003, the U.S. Armys twinge worldwide, Eric Shinseki, told the Senate build up Services Committee that it would take several hundred thousand soldiers to serious Iraq9, perhaps indicating that there wasnt a reasonable chance of success either. withal in 2003 French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin stated we believe that array intervention would be the worst solution10, in direct limit to the idea that war sh ould be the absolute last option. All of these would provoke that before utilitarianism has been considered, the war in Iraq is unethical anyway, as if there is such a concept, it is not a just war. Many people qualification question whether any war can be a just war but World War II is one of the some wars that nearly everyone believes was morally justified. Nazi Germany and Japan were dangerous regimes that committed atrocities against conquered peoples, and many nations felt that they needed to be stopped. For these reasons, some refer to World War II as the good war. In contrast, the affectionate and political rumpus caused by the Vietnam War was ground, in part, on debate over whether that war was justified.11Following on from this, there are also many legal questions surrounding the war in Iraq. With regard to utilitarianism, it is clear that something illegal should not be for the greatest good for the greatest number of people as the UN and even representatives of sup porting countries such as the UK have spoken out against it. Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the United Nations, said of the invasion, I have indicated it was not in conformity with the UN Charter. From our point of view, from the Charter point of view, it was illegal.12Furthermore, Lord Bingham, the originator British Law Lord said the war was in serious breach of international law. He went on to accuse Britain and the US of playacting like a world vigilante, obviously not a mark off youd associate with an ethical war. Bingham said Particularly disturbing to proponents of the rule of law is the cynical lack of concern for international legality among some top officials in the Bush administration.13If utilitarianism is the moral significance of an action being decided by its outcome, then an invasion that besides removing Hussein doesnt reckon to have achieved much in over 6 years, and is arguably illegal anyway, then the war in Iraq seems completely unethical.There is lot s of literature that covers the musical theme of utilitarianism and one essay written to offer evidence of its worth as a moral premise, and to retort to common misapprehensions a bust it is Utilitarianism by toilette Stuart pulverisation, who will we look at in more detail later. Utilitarianism is outlined by bomber as a theory originating from the belief that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, faulty as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. He classifies happiness as pleasure and the absence of pain and continues to argue that pleasure can hesitate in quality and quantity. Furthermore Mill considers that pleasures that are embedded in your higher faculties should be superior to more base pleasures. Additionally, it is argued that accomplishment of goals such as virtuous living, and other achievement of ambitions and purposes should be considered when thinking about ones happiness.14 mill about thesis embodies his effort to respond to the condemnations of utilitarianism, and thereby to provide a more intricate and distinct moral hypothesis. Reasons that the theory had been criticised include that it does not afford sufficient defence for individual rights an issue which as we will discuss later, Mill himself championed. Another criticism is that happiness is more severe to understand than sh let by the theory and gauging everything by the same standard is not satisfactory or realistic.15Mill reasons that the theory of utilitarianism overlaps with natural emotions that derive from the affable personalities of humans. For this reason, people would innately incorporate these values as an ethical requisite, if the general public were to integrate utilitarianism itself as an ethic. He argues that happiness is the solitary animal foot of morality, and that happiness is the only thing that society desires. This choose is backed up by explaining that all the other entities of individuals aspiration are either methods to happiness, or are taken into account when happiness is specify. In a windy manner Mill describes that the concept of arbiter is actual fact sourced from utility, and that things like rights subsist simply for the reason that they are essential for individual content.16The literary argument for utilitarianism encompasses five chapters. His opening chapter provides an introduction to the essay, and in the following chapter, Mill presents some common delusions about the theory and considers the definition of utilitarianism. The third chapter is an analysis about the definitive incentives that the theory can offer. The penultimate chapter examines techniques of establishing the soundness of utilitarianism. In his fifth part and last chapter, particularly relevant to this essay owing to issues like the honest War Theory, Mill writes about the relationship between referee and utility, and argues that happiness is the foundation of umpire.17Looking at the fifth chapter of Mills Utilitarianism in more depth, we can deduce many ideas that also relate to the war on Iraq and whether it is a just or ethical war. The first section of the chapter is macroscopicly descriptive as Mill begins by locution that throughout history, one of the major obstacles to the reception of utility has been that it does not tolerate a desire of justice. Whether or not the justice or injustice of an act is something immanent and separate from questions of utility is what Mill attempts to determine in the chapter.Mill commences by attempting to pinpoint the definition of justice, by coming up with a list of things that are often described as just or unjust. In trying to define justice, Mill considers many factors, including legal rights, deprivation of something soul has a moral right to possess, whether a person receives what they deserve or not, violating agreements, the injustice of preferentialism in improper situations, and finally the notion of equality as an element of ju stice. In the mainly descriptive first part of the chapter, Mill counters the assertion that utilitarianism is opposed to justice. He mainly writes about the classification of justice and its origins historically and it is also noteworthy that Mill does not offer his possess conjecture about what is required for justice. From Mills point of view, justice is not a theoretical model so much as it is a finding about morality that lots of people possess. As a result, in defining justice Mill studies what other people consult by the term. He concludes that justice exists for the reason that people believe it does, and it means what they consider it to mean. Beginning at the accepted understanding of justice, Mill envisages what associates a different set of ideas about the theory. Subsequently, he puts forward that they are consolidated by the concept of rights, an idea he brings in through his claims about perfect obligation. For Mill, a right insinuates that an individual has a legi timate entitlement that the affectionate order is to guard them against any desecration. Many advocates of utilitarianism write off the idea of rights, and many debates about the subject are based around whether rights do actually exist, but Mill held a different perspective.Having just defined justice, Mill now turns to the question of whether the sentiment of justice comes from a special, ridiculous tendency of nature, or whether it can be linked to the concerns of utility. Mill argues for the latter.Mill contends that there are two components to justice. The first is the desire to punish a person who has done harm. This desire comes from the impulse of self-defense, and the feeling of sympathy. All animals have instincts of self- defense. However, unlike animals, humans are capable of sympathizing not only with their offspring, but with all human beings. Furthermore, humans are more intelligent, and thus have a wider range of sentiments and are able to feel that they are a part of a broader community of interests. Justice then, reflects the natural feeling of retaliation, expand by sympathy and intellect to apply to things that harm society at large. In themselves, these feelings are not moral sentiments. Justices moral component can be seen rather in the quality of the outrage people feel at an injustice people can be upset by an injustice not only if it affects them individually, but if it goes against the interests of society at large this demonstrates a moral concern.The other component of justice is that there is an classifiable victim who suffers if justice is infringed upon. Mill argues that the idea of a right is not a concept separate from justice, but is rather a disclosure of the other aspects of justice, namely the desire for punishment and the fact that there is an transferable person who has been harmed. A right means that a person has a valid claim on society to protect him in the self-control of that right. However, if one wants to kn ow why society should defend this right, Mill argues that the only reason is one of general utility. The sentiment of justice derives its intensity from its link to the animalistic need for retaliation. It gets its moral force from the impressive broad of utility that is involved in rights violationsnamely the interest of security. People cannot do without security, and require before they can enjoy anything else. Security is so fundamental that its difference of pointedness as a form of utility becomes a difference in kind. It is so serious that it takes on a feeling of absoluteness, of moral necessity.Mill then observes that if justice exists independent of utility, if it is a standard in its have got right that can be understood through introspection, then it is difficult to understand why questions of justice are often so debatable. In fact, there is as fierce a discussion about what is just as there is about what is useful to society, and it is guided by many conflicting id eas. For example, there is a conflict over which acts should be punished, and over the proper apportionment of punishments. In a different arena, there is diversity over whether people should be paid more for having natural talents, and whether taxes should be graduated, or issued at a flat rate. In fact, the only way to navigate among conflicting claims of justice is to look to the source of its authority, namely, social utility.This does not mean, however, that there is no difference between the just and the expedient, or that policy is more important than justice. Rather, justice grounded on utility is the chief part, and the most important part, of all morality it concerns many of the most basic essentials for human well-being. Mill argues that the moral rules that forbid people to harm each other are more important than any rules of policy, rules about how societal affairs should be managed. Furthermore, the preservation of justice preserves peace among human beings. Thus, the re is a very strong utility interest in preserving and enforcing justices dictates.Mill argues that most of the applications of justice we observe today are simply slipway of maintaining the notion of moral rights just discussed. Impartiality is one rule that is partly based in these, but also comes from the very meaning of utility. The greatest happiness principle doesnt have meaning unless each persons happiness, supposed equal in degree, is valued exactly as much as someone elses. People are seen to have an equal claim to happiness, and an equal claim to the means to happiness. Social inequalities that are not required by expediency are thus seen to be unjust.Mill closes by observing that justice is a name for some moral requirements, which are higher on the scale of utility, and thus more important, than any others. However, there can be cases in which some other social duty is so important that it overrules one of the general rules of justice. Thus, it could be acceptable t o steal in order to save a life. Mill argues that the previous discussion has resolved what had been the only real problem with utilitarian theory. It has always been clear that cases of justice are also cases of expediency the difference is that very different sentiments attach themselves to issues of justice and expeediency. Mill argues that he has accounted for what this feeling is it is simply the natural feeling of resentment, moralized by being connected to social good. Justice is the name for certain social utilities that are more important than any other kind, and thus should be preserved by a feeling that is different in kind from others.It might be thought that utilitarianism supports the immediate insularity of American forces, but that isnt necessarily the case. Indeed, two aspects of utilitarian thought suggest that immediate call foral would be wrong. The first of these is the fact that utilitarianism is progressive. As opposed to concepts like Kantian thought, it ta kes no account of the past. In utilitarianism you deal with the situation you find yourself in. Even if the war in Iraq was wrong, by utilitarian standards, and even if its been badly managed by those same standards, its a separate question what ought to be done now, given the situation as we find it.18The second aspect is that utilitarianism sanctions negative responsibility. Bernard Williams defines this by byword, If I am ever liable for anything, then I must be just as much responsible for things that I allow or fail to prevent, as I am for things that I myself, in the more everyday restricted sense, bring about.19This implies that a person is responsible not only for what they do, but for what they allow also. With relation to the US occupation, if they withdraw their troops and the differing sects of Iraq, Shiites, Sunnis, Kurds etc, begin to kill each other en masse, as seems likely20, then from the viewpoint of a utilitarian, the US is responsible, as the deaths could have been prevented.The question utilitarians must answer is which action, available to the US, would aphorismise overall utility? According to utilitarianism, Americans count for no more than Iraqis.21Mill describes Bentham as saying Everybody to count for one, nobody for more than one.22It may be that every action available to the US results in death and suffering, and therefore pleasure doesnt seem an applicable notion however the question is which action would result in the least deaths and the least suffering. Furthermore, act utilitarianism makes no distinction between the punishable and the innocent e.g. if breaking a promise does not weaken respect for the moral rule to keep promises (in which chaos would result and bad utility would be produced), then the act can be justified.23This is important because not many utilitarian supporters have spoken out about the Iraq war, and Burgess-Jackson speculates that it may be because it will make utilitarianism look bad24. He goes on to state that most Americans think American lives are worth more than Iraqi lives, i.e. patriotism. Most think that, all being equal, doing harm is worsened than allowing harm. Also many think that what was done in the past is morally relevant to what we ought to do now. Finally, most Americans think that the interests of the innocent are more important than the interests of the guilty. From this spectrum you can see why utilitarianism would look unfavourable. Along with the Just War Theory, utilitarian ethics both claim moral nicety through the evaluation of consequences. Other ethicists though, originally Kant, contend that good intention is the true substance of moral certainty. This belief led Kant to propose an ethical system comprised of maxims called duty.25In this type of system a lie, even when committed under implications of good consequences, is always unethical. Applying Kantian ethics to war is more problematic than this, but in comparison to predicting outcomes it is fa r more one-dimensional. Kant, urges us to follow a maxim authorising violent action only when our receive life is affrightened, To preserve ones life is duty26. If then it was 100% proven that Weapons of Mass Destruction were present in Iraq, then the Kantian maxim for war is satisfied. At present though, it seems it is not. Ethical thinkers can therefore be roughly divided into two sections. First of all we think of those who confine whether an action is moral or immoral owing to the motive behind it. The second camp relates to those who decide whether or not an action is moral with regard to the consequences it manufactures. Kant is firmly in the former camp, making him a deontologist rather than a consequentialist when it comes to ethics. (Deontology stems from the Greek for duty, deon and logos i.e. science.)27Kant would argue that we are subject to moral judgment because we are able to consider and give reasons for our actions, and hence moral judgment should be directed at our reasons for acting.As has already been established, an super important figure in the field of utilitarianism is John Stuart Mill, whose essay we considered earlier. innate(p) in 1806 in London, one of the most important philosophers and writers of the Victorian period, John Stuart Mill was a political activist, and was involved in efforts for social emend throughout his life. Mills father, James Mill, was also a famous philosopher and historian. In order to be properly trained and educated, Mill Senior believed that a childs mind was like a blank slate and must be subject to a strict regimen. Consequently, he isolated his son from children his own age and kept him under a rigorous schedule. He power saw to it that by the age of three, Mill was learning Greek, and by the age of cardinal had become skilled in Latin. Mills day consisted of academic work, and he was granted only one hour of leisure each day. By the age of fourteen, he had studied profoundly in history, logic, ma thematics, and economics. Mill began study Jeremy Bentham at the age of fifteen, the fundamentalist English theorist and more significantly the founder of utilitarianism. The premise of utilitarianism initiated a lifelong quest for social reform.28In 1822, Mill began publishing and a year later he had helped form the Utilitarian Society, which convened at Benthams house. He recovered from a severe bout of depression in 1826, attributed his emotionally restricted childhood. After this Mill resumed an active academic life, but with an altered point of view. He now allowed for a human dimension in his thought that counterbalanced the futility of utilitarianism, emphasising an intellectual attitude to life at the expense of emotions. Even though Mill was influenced by utilitarianism, a theory that addresses individuals to work for the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, he nonetheless worked to protect peoples rights, and in particular women. Mills concern for social reform had roots in his belief that the majority often denies liberty to the people, be it through moral judgments, social judgments, or thusly law.29The concept of individual autonomy reappears right the way through Mills work. He held the belief that a person may do anything they wish, as long as that persons actions do not harm others. He upheld that governments have no right to interfere with an individuals affairs, even when they use laws that are think to be beneficial to the individual in question. In effect, the only possible grounds for any government to exist in the first place is to protect the individual so that he or she take cares defence in times of war, security in peacetime, and safety from deception.30With regards to the War on Iraq then, you can compare the war to the points raised by Mill. He held that a person could do what they liked, as long as it didnt harm others. Obviously the war in Iraq has harmed countless people in one way or another so this is a v iolation of liberty. Mill proposed that governments have no right to interfere with an individuals affairs, even when the law is intended to be helpful. Arguably, when you look at the contradictory evidence now at our disposal, Iraq was posing no threat to America or the UK. Hence if we look at Iraq as an individual, then the US government and their allies were interfering with their affairs, even though it was meant to be beneficial, i.e. disposing of Saddam Hussein. Things got so bad in Iraq that people started saying they were better off under Saddam, so for some Iraqi civilians, the rub was completely unnecessary. This is not to say that they had a good life under the dictator, just that it was the better of two evils.31Furthermore, Mill went on to stress that the only grounds for government to exist is so that the individual, in this case America, would experience safety from deception, security in times of war and also in times of peace. You could argue that all three of thes e criterions havent been met and hence the Iraq war violates individuals rights as well as being an unjust war.Daniel Pipes raises some great points in his book, Militant Islam Reaches America with the chapter Who is the enemy? The first section of the chapter is entitled, Vagueness and Euphemism. He speaks of the first few weeks after the 9/11 attacks, when Bush would not explicitly name his enemies. He insisted they were neither Afghans nor even Muslims but rather people, as I have noted earlier, whom he called evildoers or the evil ones.32The chapter is based on the original invasion of Afghanistan, but everything that Pipes says rings true for the war on Iraq also. When Bush announced that military action was being initiated, he defined the goal as the disruption and defeat of the orbicular timidity network. Pipes again questions what this means, global terror network is applicable assuming that the global network is not exclusively Al-Qaeda to militant Islamic groups such a s Hizbullah and Hamas, the IRA and the Tamil Tigers. Most interestingly however, the last group that Pipes categorises in the potential global terror network is States like Iraq?33The book was published before the actual invasion of Iraq yet Pipes predicted it, all down to Bushs (arguably clever) vagueness when thinking of a tag for the enemies of the United States. Still no one really knows the real reason Iraq was invaded, and hence for critics of the war such the oil sceptics Pipes argument shows a very interesting argument. Bushs deliberate vagueness meant that in effect, he could do whatever he liked to an enemy state, because the threat of evildoers continuing to try and harm America and Americans34didnt limit his options to a specific adversary and as long as he could claim some sort of threat, i.e. weapons of mass destruction, then in his mind he could disembarrass America going on the offensive.In conclusion there are many topics in history that we can look at with regard to utilitarianism and war, which show surprising similarities with the Iraq war this essay was