Dopamine Neuron Characteristics

Dopamine Neuron CharacteristicsSaid Mohammed Al HakmaniThe question of this assignment c each over the characteristics of a dopamine nerve cell and how does this relate to what has been achieved in the last dish. creative activityIn our bole a lot of organs that pack our choke of movement and realize. Parkinsons infirmity affect our move. It happen when there is a problem of the certain of nervous cadres in the sense. The substance cadres pay back an central chemical is named dopamine. The dopamine sends bespeaks to the part of the consciousness that controls movement. Also, the dopamine lets the move of our go across smoothly. The Parkinsons malady breakdown the nerve prison cells that bear the dopamine. When the person do not fork up enough dopamine the problem of move behind start and the person firenot control the way where to move. (1)Figure 1 shows the nerve cells in the reason (1)The Parkinsons disease is progressive, which means it gets worse over time. hardly this happen slowly some(prenominal) years. Until instantly no wizard know what acutely makes the nerve cells breakdown. However, scientists argon doing a lot of search to know the reason of the cells breakdown. Some study say Parkinson disease is constituent abnormal in some people but so come to the beaten track(predicate) there is enough proof to show that its ceaselessly inherited.(1)Braaks supposal proposes that the Parkinsons disease begins in the digestive tract and in the brains centre of comprehend. The theory is supported by the fact that symptoms associated with digestion and smell happen very early on the disease. Professor Jia- Yi Lis research police squad has now been able to tack this process further, from the bowel to the brain in rat models. The experiment shows how the toxic protein alpha-synculein is transfer from one cell to some different before reaching the brains movement centre, giving change magnitude to the characteristic of movement in the Parkinsons disease. He prove that disease process actu eithery can travel from the peripheral nervous ashes to the central nervous sy still hunt, in this case from the wall of the gut to the brain.(3) ordinarily people start to have symptoms of Parkinsons disease between the ages of 50 and 60. But in certain case start earlier.The symptoms of Parkinsons disease first may be notice is dread which means shakiness or trembling. And these may affect the hands, arms, or legs. It is one of the most unwashed signs but not everyone has it. Also, not everyone with a tremor has Parkinsons disease. The tremor often starts only one side of the body or to date one arm or leg. In addition, Parkinsons affects the stiff muscles all done the body, so it ca works problems alike trouble swallowing or constipation. In the subsequently stages of Parkinsons disease a person may have fix expression trouble speaking and other problems. Some people escape mental skills. (1)A dopamineDopam ine is a chemical signal that transfers information from one neuron and the next neuron. It released the signals from the first neuron and it floats into the synapse (the shoes between the deuce neurons) to the second neuron. The receptors bumps the signals down to the receiving neurons. The dopamine interested in many different important pathways and it known as the mesolimbic pathways which starts with cells in the adaxial tegmental atomic number 18a in the midbrain.(2) The dopamine plays numbers of roles in gay and other animals. It controls many die hards such(prenominal)(prenominal) as movement, memory, pleasurable reward, attention, sleep, learning, mood, inhibition of prolactin production, and behaviour. The growing and deficiency of this dopamine chemical is ca function of several disease like Parkinson disease. In the brain, part called the basal ganglia regulates movement. Basal ganglia in turn be on a certain amount of dopamine to function. The action of this occur s by dopamine receptors D 1-5. The deficiency in dopamine in the brain may start delayed and uncoordinated the movement and other function of the body. (3)The dopamine is important neurotransmitter in the brain substantial part of the boilersuit dopamine in the body is attaind turn outside the brain by mesenteric organs. The production of dopamine within the central nervous sy prow, depend on the dopamine biosynthesis. There ar twain steps of dopamine biosynthesis takes place in the cytosol of CAergic neurons and starts with hydroxylase of L-tyrosine at the phenol ring by tyrosine hydroxylase to produce DOPA.(4)Stem cellThe alkali cell have potential to give voice into many different cell causes in the body during early sprightliness and growth. In many tissues they serve as a sort of versed repair sy radix, divided without limit to regenerate other cells as foresightful as the person or animal is still alive. When a fundament cell divides, each new cell has the ability either to go along a basis cell or be move up another attribute of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell and other cells.(5)The motif cells be featured from other cell types by two important characteristics. First, they are capable of renewing themselves through cell division, sometimes after long periods of inactivity. Second, under some physiologic or experimental conditions, staunch cell can be become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions. In certain organs, such as the gut and bone marrow, they regularly divide to repair and replace worn out or damaged tissues. In addition, in other organs, such as the pancreas and the heart, stem cells only divide under special conditions. (5)Scientists primarily worked with two types of stem cells from animals and humans embryotic stem cells and non- embryologic somatic or pornographic stem cells.In 1981 Scientists discovered ways to derive embryonal stem cells from early cower embryos nearly 30 years ago. In 1998 the exact study of the biology of mouse stem cells led to the discovery. After that manner to derive stem cells from human embryos and grow the cells in the science laboratory. These cells are called human embryonic stem cells. The embryos used to studies were created for reproductive purposes through in vitro salad dressing acts. When they were no longer needed for that purpose, they were donated for research with the informed consent of the donor. researchers make another breakthrough by identifying conditions that would allow some specialized bad cells to be reprogrammed to assume a stem cell-like state in 2006. This new kind of stem cell, called bring on pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (5) The Stem cells are important for living organisms for different reasons. In the three to five solar days old embryo, called a blastocyst, the inner cells give rise to the entire body of the organism, include all of the many spe cialized cell types and organs such as the, lungs, heart, skin and other tissues. In certain adult tissues, such as bone marrow, brain, and muscle, the adult stem cells generate replacements for cells that are doomed through normal injury, or disease. The stem cells make new potentials for treating diseases such as heart disease and Parkinson disease. However, much work remains to be done in the laboratory to understand how to use these cells therapies to treat disease.(5) Research on stem cells continues to advance about how an organism develops from a star cell and how healthy cells replace damaged cells in adult organisms. The stem cell research is one of the fascinating areas in contemporary biology.(5)The laboratory of human embryonic stem cellThe protocol of the laboratory that last the stem cells must contain special equipment use to avoiding the contamination during make the HESC finale. The equipment that are use a CO2 incubator, that cannot use the detergent to wanton use 70% of ethanol to get the best result to control the contamination. usaged a biocontainment hood to control of microorganisms. A microscope with phase origin optics to see the cell and colony morphology. A refrigerator 20 and freezers 80.Use the liquid nitrogen freezer to store the stocks of HESC and feeders. Also, need small pee bath 37 to thawing the cell that are frozen.(6)Feeder cultureThe feeder culture use to growth of HESC. It prepare primary fibroblast that come from the CF-1 mice. The CF-1 mouse embryonic fibroblasts give the optimal growth of HESC without differentiation and recommended for many reason such as function well making feeder, purchasable and cheaper. (6)The methods culture HESCThe first thing need to culture the HESC is good feeder. world embryonic stem cell should be passaged when the colonies reach size ccc to 500 cells. The plate should be passaged large culture of colonies. The cell always passaged to the plate of feeder cell less than seven days . (6)The materials that required for passaging gentlemans gentleman embryonic stem cell are ESC medium, 15 ml centrifugate tubes, calcium/magnesium free PBS, collagenase type IV, cell scraper ,10 cm plates and 0.1% gelatin.(6)The procedureTable show the methods of passaging HESC adopted steps only but I create the table (6)Growth of the HESCTo growth the human embryonic stem cell transfer cell from preimplantation stage embryo to the culture dish. The cell will grow on the culture dish and will col and divided on the surface of the media. The culture dish contain the mouse embryonic cell which provide the nutrients into the culture media to growth the cell. However, researcher now devised to grow the embryonic stem cells without mouse feeder cells to avoid the bump viruses that can transfer from the media to the human. (5)The test use to identify embryonic stem cells in the laboratory. There is no standard test approved yet to the scientists who study human embryonic stem cells. However, the laboratories that grow the human embryonic stem cells use different types of test such as developing and subculture of the stem cell for many months to make sure the health of the cell.Use techniques to determine the presence of transcription factors that produced by undifferentiated cells. These are two important transcription factors Nanog and Oct-4. The both factors help the genes to turn on and off to make maintain the stem cell to undifferentiated and self-renewal.(5)The GMPThere are many challenges to use the stem cells for replacement therapy. However, the good manufacturing practice (GMP) is timbre assurance system that use to make sure the product of stem cells is good and safe to use for treatment. The GMP in human embryonic stem cell culture required several components for good clinical practice. First, the culture or the feeder media that use in the laboratory must be reach to standard of GMP. Second, the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and passaging of the cell. Final, all components of the culture and cryopreservation media should validated to the GMP system. (7)The ethical issue surrounding the use of embryonic cell need be carefully controlled. In UK human embryonic stem cell can collected from left over embryos produced as part of vitro fertilisation. This can done under strict UK guidelines from Human fertilisation Embryology Authority and only in the early stage embryos can be use in research up to maximum of 14 day of development.(8)The power of stem cellIn 1980, the researcher take stem cell inside the developing embryos and growth in the laboratory to make the human embryonic stem cell. However, the adult stem cell are extremely powerful and easier for researcher to make embryonic stem cell and can converted into any type of cell in the body. But there is risk that the stem cell may grow errant in the body which cause to formation of tumour.(8)Scientist in Japan worked to make stem cell from normal adult cell in 2006 an d this called induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS). This iPS cell in the future may use to make for the patient own cell and it be safe from other factor the affect the patient. The researcher attempted to treat the cell that are die from the nervous cell by make experiment on rat and mice. It show improvement to develop of dopamine that make replace of nervous cell. The researcher can measure the increase of dopamine neuron function in striatum of the patient by using antielectron emission tomography that make image of the brain.(5)Many researchers believe that embryonic stem cell could be excellent source of dopamine neurons because can grow in culture dish and make into any type of cell after long time in culture. Now, the dopamine neurons have been generated from the Human embryonic stem cell. One study research use the special type of companion cell with specific growth factors to arouse the differentiation of the embryonic stem cell through several stages into dopamine (5)Ref erencesWebmd.com, (2014). Parkinsons Disease Center Symptoms, Treatments, Causes, Tests, Diagnosis, and Prognosis. online Available at http//www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease Accessed 15 Nov. 2014. slating Magazine, (2014). Slate Magazine Politics, Business, Technology, and the Arts. online Available at http//www.slate.com Accessed 16 Nov. 2014.News-Medical.net, (2014). Health News and study News Medical. online Available at http//www.news-medical.net Accessed 16 Nov. 2014.Meiser, J., Weindl, D. and Hiller, K. (2013). Complexity of dopamine metabolism. jail cell Commun Signal, 11(1), p.34.Stemcells.nih.gov, (2014). NIH Stem Cell Information Home Page. online Available at http//stemcells.nih.gov Accessed 16 Nov. 2014.Stemcell.umn.edu, (2014). Home MED Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota. online Available at http//www.stemcell.umn.edu Accessed 20 Nov. 2014.Unger, C., Skottman, H., Blomberg, P., Sirac Dilber, M. and Hovatta, O. (2008). sizeable manufacturing practice and clinical-grade human embryonic stem cell lines. Human molecular(a) Genetics, 17(R1), pp.R48-R53.Stem cells the story so far. (2014). progress the research magazine of Parkinsons UK, (15 summer).