Risk Factors for Osteoporosis and Hip Fractures

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis and Hip FracturesAssociation surrounded by mount and jeopardize of osteoporotic breachThe mull manoeuvres that of the factors considered here, the main determinant of run a hazard of major osteoporosis and hip joint switch ar age, metric system of weights unit and BMI. The first question in this flying field sought to determine the association amidst age and jeopardize of osteoporotic fracture. The typify age for 100 subjects in this field of view is 62.57. The result of this flying field show a significant increase in the try of major osteoporosis and risk of hip fracture in regards to age. swot up mineral density is cognize to decrease rapidly as we get elderly. This viewing is in organisation with Loh, Shong, Lan, Lo, Woon (2008) findings which showed that age is significantly associated with low BMD. This happened because with advancing age, there result be prominent doomed of trabecular and cortical ivory mass (Francis, 2001). approximately 35-50% of trabecular work up in women and 15-45% among men are lost magic spell 25-30% of cortical fig up in women and 5-15% in men are lost due to the advancing age (Francis, 2001) The difference of rise mass will eventually lead to osteoporosis and this can be the major cause of osteoporotic fracture. concord to Keng Yin Loh, King Hock Shong, Soo Nie Lan, Lo, and Shu Yuen Woon (2008) age-related osteoporotic fracture can be explained by the fact that prevalence of osteoporosis is higher among older adult above 50 age old. some other possible explanation regarding age-related hit the books loss include surmount osteoblast natural action, increase osteoclast bodily function, or a lack of physical natural action among time-honored (Metcalfe, 2008). In this study, the percentage of subjects participating in physical activity is low that is 24% however. This shows that with the advancing age, the participation in physical activity had decrease. With out exercising, there is lack of mechanical prove put on the gussy up and the rate of bone mineralization reduced olibanum increase the chances of old deal to get osteoporotic fracture.Association in the midst of weight/BMI with risk of osteoporotic fractureAnother important finding was that there is significant difference of negative correlation co good amid weight and BMI with risk of major osteoporosis and risk of osteoporotic fracture. However, the relationship between weight and risk of osteoporotic fracture was stronger than between BMI and risk of osteoporotic fracture. The findings of the current study are consistent with those of Unnanuntana, Gladnick, Donnelly and Lane (2010) of who found low ashes weight can contribute to osteoporotic fracture. People with low body weight are known to have low BMD. This is because as people get older, atomic number 20 and mineral contents in bones declines causing the elderly pay back low weight, less dense and prone to get frac tured (Fawzy et al., 2011). The correlation between BMD and BMI was highly validatory in clinical study among UAE population do by Fawzy et al., (2011). This finding supports antecedent research into this brain area which cogitate BMD and BMI. Keng Yin Loh, King Hock Shong, Soo Nie Lan, Lo and Shu Yuen Woon (2008) inform a significant difference between lower body weight and risk of osteoporotic fracture. Thinner person was verbalise to have low BMD. Salamat, Salamat, Abedi and Janghorbani (2013) in their journals explained the mechanism on how obesity gives positive effect on BMD status. One of the reason is that obesity helps to improve bone mass in men because of the conversion of androgen to estrogen (Salamat et al., 2013). gObesity causes physiological changes in humans due to the modification of circulating sex steroid hormone hormone such as androgens and estrogens (Mammi et al., 2012). showosterone is the major circulating androgen in men which is synthesized from c holesterol (Sinnesael, Boonen, Claessens, Gielen, Vanderschueren, 2011). Testosterone can be converted into estrogen via P 450 aromatase enzyme and it can be found in adipose tissue and bone (Merlotti, Gennari, Stolakis, Nuti, 2011). This can best explains why study done by (Mammi et al. (2012) reported a high level of plasma estrogens in obese men. accord to Sinnesael et al. (2011) conversion of androgen into estrogen can help to increase bone density especially on the cortical bone among men thus can reduce risk of osteoporotic fracture. This view is supported by Merlotti et al. (2011) who concord that conversion of androgen into estrogen play a vital social function in improving bone mass density either in young men or elderly.On the other hand, people with more weight can put more mechanical stress on bone. Compared to low body weight people, they have less mechanical stress exerted on bone. The positive effect of mechanical loading on bone conveyed by increased body weigh t can help to stimulates bone formation (Cao, 2011). This is because proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast and osteocytes increased with the increased of body weight (Cao, 2011). This finding corroborates the ideas of Shapses Riedt, (2006) who suggested that obesity gives higher bone mass by meat of weight-bearing effect of excess soft tissue on the skeleton.Association between balance and risk of osteoporotic fractureContrary to expectations, this study did not find a significant difference between serviceable reach and risk of hip fracture. There is no correlation between balance and risk of osteoporotic fracture. This is related to the result of de Abreu et al. (2009) who reported that there is no differences between body balance of osteoporotic women and non-osteoporotic women when measured with iceberg lettuce Balance Scale and Time-Up and Go Test. It is awkward to explain this result but it might be related to a low demand task required to performed these tribu lations yet it is not efficient to predict the risk of fall and running(a) impairment in elderly people (de Abreu et al., 2009). Furthermore, we choose to study older adult who have functional independent and free from pathologies. The subject in our study included a large sample on older adult aged 50-59 long time old and 60-69 years old compared to elderly of 70-79 and 80-89 years old. This can be a reason why their balances are also good. This finding supports preceding research into this brain area which links age and related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people. People with a good functional independent need a more realistic choice of clinical tests in the examination of elderly patient (Steffen, Hacker, Mollinger, 2002). In addition, the present findings expect to be consistent with other research which foundthe relationship between balance, age and estimated fall risks. In a study among community-dwelling older adults done by Smee, Anson, Waddington, Ber ry, (2012) elderly aged 65 years old are creation categorized to have a Low-Mild falls risk because they have weaken balance as compared to the older-old group. Therefore, a younger-old group is said to have a low fall risk that lead to a low risk of osteoporotic fracture.Strength and Weakness of the studyThe strength referred to as advantages of this study. In return, this study can be a good study to be reviewed and as references for related future study. Meanwhile, weakness corresponds to any lacking possessed that whitethorn interfere the findings or result.StrengthThe sample size was larger compared to previous study thus giving a more precise calculation.The preceding reach test is easy, inexpensive and convenient to be applied to community-dwelling elderly with a good test-retest reliability and concurrent validity.WeaknessThis study only predicts future hip fracture without calculated the risk of vertebral fracture and proximal humeral fracture.This study only focuses on independently mobile community-dwelling older adult. The lack of more elderly aged 65 and above including those with hapless proprioceptive control, vision and vestibular input may limit the generalisability of this study related to postural control.ReferencesCao, J. J. (2011). Effects of obesity on bone metabolism. diary of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 6(1), 30. inside10.1186/1749-799X-6-30De Abreu, D. C. C., Trevisan, D. C., Reis, J. G., da Costa, G. D. C., Gomes, M. M., Matos, M. S. (2009). automobile trunk balance valuation in osteoporotic elderly women. Archives of Osteoporosis, 4(1-2), 2529. inside10.1007/s11657-009-0023-yFawzy, T., Muttappallymyalil, J., Sreedharan, J., Ahmed, A., Alshamsi, S. O. S., Al Ali, M. S. S. H. B. B., Al Balsooshi, K. A. (2011). Association between Body Mass Index and Bone mineral Density in Patients Referred for Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Scan in Ajman, UAE. Journal of Osteoporosis, 2011, 876309. doi10.4061/2011/876309Francis, R. M. (2001). Falls and fractures. British Geriatrics Society, 30(4), 2528. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24519586Loh, K. Y., Shong, K. H., Lan, S. N., Lo, W.-Y., Woon, S. Y. (2008). 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